Antidepressant Potential of Anacardium Occidentale Linn.: A Phytochemical, in Vivo, and in Silico Evaluations

Abstract

Clinical depression, a prevalent mental disorder, poses significant challenges worldwide, coupled with the adverse effects of its current pharmacotherapies. This study explores the antidepressant potential of Anacardium occidentale, a plant known for its pharmacological properties, aiming to offer a safer, more effective alternative for treating clinical depression. We conducted qualitative phytochemical screening of A. occidentale leaves and assessed the antidepressant activity using behavioural tests (Tail Suspension Test and Forced Swim Test) on Swiss albino mice. Additionally, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic screening were performed to evaluate the interaction and efficacy of the plant’s bioactive compounds with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. The phytochemical analysis identified multiple bioactive compounds, predominantly alkaloids and phenolics. Behavioural tests indicated significant antidepressant activity at dosages of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, comparable to the standard drug Amitriptyline. Molecular docking highlighted strong binding affinities of the bioactive compounds, particularly Epigallocatechin and Quercetin, to serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Pharmacokinetic profiles suggested favourable absorption and metabolic characteristics, although some compounds exhibited potential toxicity risks. In conclusion, A. occidentale demonstrated potential as an effective natural antidepressant, influenced by its rich phytochemical content. The computational and in vivo findings suggest that specific compounds could serve as viable candidates for further drug development, with the potential to mitigate the limitations of current antidepressant therapies. Further research is recommended to validate these findings and advance clinical applications.