Antidepressant prevalence for youths: a multi‐national comparison

Zito, Julie Magno; Tobi, Hilde; Berg, Lolkje Theodora Wilhelmina de Jong-van den; Fegert, Jöerg M.; Safer, Daniel J.; Janhsen, Katrin; Hansen, Dorte Gilså; Gardner, James M.; Glaeske, Gerd

doi:10.1002/pds.1254

Cited by 77 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This finding differs somewhat from those reported from studies conducted in other settings [11,13,22,24,25]. For example, recent Dutch and Italian studies have reported paroxetine to be the most commonly used substance followed by citalopram [11,13].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

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Antidepressant utilization patterns and mortality in Swedish men and women aged 20–34 years

Sundell

Gissler

Petzold

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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2 Abstract PurposeTo compare antidepressant utilization patterns and mortality in relation to antidepressant use in men and women aged 20-34 years. MethodsWe used data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register to identify adults aged 20-34 years who purchased at least one antidepressant in 2006. Information on death and migration was obtained from the Total Population Register by record linkage. One-year prevalence and proportion of new users, amount of purchased antidepressants, concurrent use of other antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics as well as mortality was assessed. ResultsThe one-year prevalence of antidepressant use was higher among women than men (7.2% vs. 4.0%, p<0.001), being 5.6% among all Swedes aged 20-34 years (n=94,239). SSRIs dominated at baseline, more common among women than men (78.7% vs. 71.7%, p<0.001). Of the new users, 22.3% filled only one prescription during the study period, men more often than women (24.1% vs. 21.4%, p<0.001). The mortality rate was higher in men than in women (24 vs. 14 per 10,000, p=0.009). Concurrent use of mood stabilizers (48 vs. 16 per 10,000, p<0.001) and antipsychotics (50 vs. 14 per 10,000, p<0.001) was associated with increased mortality in men and women. ConclusionsAlmost twice as many Swedish women than men aged 20-34 years purchased antidepressants in 2006. Differences in utilization patterns between sexes were rather small. Discontinuation rates were high, indicating that increased awareness on attitudes to treatment is needed. In both sexes, mortality rates were elevated among those concurrently using mood stabilizers and antipsychotics which need further investigation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…The study population encompassed all Swedish residents aged [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] …”

Section: Study Population and Study Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant utilization patterns and mortality in Swedish men and women aged 20–34 years

Sundell

Gissler

Petzold

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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“…The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Nevertheless, the antidepressant mechanisms of FLX have been linked to adaptations in postreceptor signaling since chronic, not acute, administration is required for its therapeutic effects Racagni and Popoli, 2008). For example, within the ventral teg-mental area (VTA), a brain region implicated in mood regulation (Nestler and Carlezon, 2006;Chaudhury et al, 2013), brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream signaling effectors are compromised in preclinical models of stress , as well as in postmortem VTA samples from MDD patients .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoxetine Exposure during Adolescence Alters Responses to Aversive Stimuli in Adulthood

et al. 2014

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The mechanisms underlying the enduring neurobiological consequences of antidepressant exposure during adolescence are poorly understood. Here, we assessed the long-term effects of exposure to fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during adolescence on behavioral reactivity to emotion-eliciting stimuli. We administered FLX (10 mg/kg, bi-daily, for 15 d) to male adolescent [postnatal day 35 (P35) to P49] C57BL/6 mice. Three weeks after treatment (P70), reactivity to aversive stimuli (i.e., social defeat stress, forced swimming, and elevated plus maze) was assessed. We also examined the effects of FLX on the expression of extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-related signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adolescent mice and Sprague Dawley rats. Adolescent FLX exposure suppressed depression-like behavior, as measured by the social interaction and forced swim tests, while enhancing anxiety-like responses in the elevated plus maze in adulthood. This complex behavioral profile was accompanied by decreases in ERK2 mRNA and protein phosphorylation within the VTA, while stress alone resulted in opposite neurobiological effects. Pharmacological (U0126) inhibition, as well as virus-mediated downregulation of ERK within the VTA mimicked the antidepressant-like profile observed after juvenile FLX treatment. Conversely, overexpression of ERK2 induced a depressive-like response, regardless of FLX pre-exposure. These findings demonstrate that exposure to FLX during adolescence modulates responsiveness to emotion-eliciting stimuli in adulthood, at least partially, via long-lasting adaptations in ERK-related signaling within the VTA. Our results further delineate the role ERK plays in regulating mood-related behaviors across the lifespan.

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“…A shift was also detected in the diagnosing of depression in children by a psychiatrist rather than a primary care provider 9 . There are, however, large variations in the prevalence of antidepressant use between various countries 3 and ethnic groups in the United States 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of antidepressants has increased in many Western countries among children, adolescents and young adults, and it has been the subject of numerous studies and a topic of concern [1][2][3][4][5][6] . This increase is mainly due to the introduction of new antidepressants which were anticipated to have fewer side effects, lower toxicity in overdose, and a broader range of treatment indications than older antidepressants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of antidepressants among 0-26 year olds in Finland during 1997-2007

et al. 2011

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-Background and Objectives:The use of antidepressants has increased in many Western countries among children, adolescents and young adults. The objective of this study was to analyse changes in incidence and prevalence of antidepressant use among patients aged 0 to 26 years from year 1997 to 2007.Methods: This is an observational population-based drug utilization study using a nationwide prescription register including data on reimbursed purchases of antidepressants for outpatient use.Results: The incidence and prevalence of antidepressant use increased about three fold during the study period. Among children less than 14 years of age both incidence and prevalence were low during the study period. In the age group 14-26 years, the incidence increased from 6.4 to 16.1 (per 1000 person-years) among men and from 9.7 to 28.3 among women, while the prevalence went up from 10.4 to 30.4 among men and from 15.5 to 56.8 among women. By the age of 26 years, 11.6% of men and 17.8% of women had purchased antidepressants at least once. The first antidepressant prescriptions were mainly prescribed by a specialist for children aged 7 to 15 years and by a non-specialist for the older age groups.

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Antidepressant prevalence for youths: a multi‐national comparison

Abstract: Cross-national variations should be further explored to understand the factors related to these differences and how prevalence differences relate to effectiveness and safety. Community-based cohorts should be followed to establish outcomes in the usual practice setting.

Cited by 77 publications

References 20 publications

Antidepressant utilization patterns and mortality in Swedish men and women aged 20–34 years

Antidepressant utilization patterns and mortality in Swedish men and women aged 20–34 years

Fluoxetine Exposure during Adolescence Alters Responses to Aversive Stimuli in Adulthood

Use of antidepressants among 0-26 year olds in Finland during 1997-2007

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