Antifatigue Potential Activity of Sarcodon imbricatus in Acute Excise‐Treated and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Mice via Regulation of Nrf2‐Mediated Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Sarcodon imbricatus (SI), a precious edible fungus, contains 35.22% of total sugar, 18.33% of total protein, 24 types of fatty acid, 16 types of amino acid, and 8 types of minerals. Encouragingly, it is rich in potential antioxidants such as total polyphenols (0.41%), total sterols (3.16%), and vitamins (0.44%). In the present study, the antifatigue properties of SI and its potential mechanisms of action were explored by the experiments on acute excise-treated mice and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) mice. SI (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg) significantly enhanced exercise tolerance in the weight-loaded forced swimming test (FST) and rota-rod test (RRT) and reduced the immobility in the tail suspension test on CFS mice. SI markedly increased the levels of glycogen in the liver and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver and muscle and decreased the lactic acid (LD) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content in both acute swimming-treated mice and CFS mice. SI improved the endogenous cellular antioxidant enzyme contents in the two mouse models by improving the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and muscle, respectively. In CFS mice, the enhanced expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), SOD1, SOD2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and catalase (CAT) in the liver were observed after a 32-day SI administration. Our data indicated that SI possessed antifatigue activity, which may be related to its ability to normalize energy metabolism and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Consequently, SI can be expected to serve as a novel natural antifatigue supplement in health foods.

A botanical product containing cistanche and ginkgo extracts improves chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

“…Lactic acid is formed and accumulated in muscle under the condition of high energy demand and insu cient oxygen supply [27]. The accumulation of lactic acid is very common in both CFS patients and animals [28,29]. It was previously reported that cistanche and ginkgo extracts could reduce the blood lactic acid level in mice and rats [30,31].…”

Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents of Wild Edible Mushrooms from Southeast Asia

“…Polysaccharides isolated from S. imbricatus have demonstrated to possess antibacterial [223], anti-myelosuppressive [224], and immunomodulatory activities [225,226]. Fruiting bodies and/or mycelial cultures have been reported to possess antioxidant [203,221], antimicrobial [132], and antifatigue activities [227]. Figure 17), nicotinic acid, 4-allylcatechol, uracil, ethyl β-Dglucopyranoside, propanetriol, uridine, adenosine and D-allitol were isolated from the fruiting bodies [220].…”

“…Polysaccharide [208,211], Extract [203,213,214] ---Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst (Bankeraceae) Extract [203,219,221] Extract [22,132,217,218], Polysaccharide [223] -Extract (immunomodulatory [216] and antifatigue activities [227]). Polysaccharide (immunoenhancement [225,226] and anti-myelosuppressive activities [224]).…”

Antifatigue effects of anshenyizhi compound in acute excise‐treated mouse via modulation of AMPK/PGC‐1α‐related energy metabolism and Nrf2/ARE‐mediated oxidative stress

“…The “exhaustion theory,” “radical theory,” “protective inhibition theory,” “clogging theory,” and “hemoglobin theory” are five main theories to explain the mechanisms of fatigue (Lamou et al., 2016). Based on the “radical theory,” overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidant to disturb antioxidant defense system and homeostatic environment through oxidative stress (Wang et al., 2018). Moreover, lipid peroxidation caused by ROS leads to fatigue by attacking large molecules and muscles, especially in the diaphragm (Hasegawa, Suzuki, Matsumoto, & Okubo, 1997).…”