Pesticides are chemical substances used in agriculture to control pests and diseases in crops. However, their excessive and unregulated use can have severe repercussions on both human health and the environment. This review examines the utilization of pesticides in the Amazon basin, considering their socioeconomic impact on public health, regional biodiversity, and the availability of soil and water resources. For this purpose, the Scopus and SciELO scientific databases were consulted to gather relevant literature, including publications from various countries within the basin. The temporal distribution of information was also analysed. The findings reveal a significant increase in scientific research conducted in recent decades regarding pesticide usage in the Amazon basin. The study describes the impact regarding the loss of natural forest and the expansion of agricultural and livestock frontiers, especially in recent years. These practices have resulted in serious health issues, particularly among local and indigenous populations. Furthermore, there has been a decline in regional biodiversity, impacting crucial animal species that contribute to ecological balance by providing ecosystem services such as pollination and seed dispersal. Lastly, a case study is presented that showcases a successful agroecological model, emphasizing the urgent need for control measures to reduce pesticide usage throughout the entire Amazon basin. Such measures are vital for safeguarding human health and the environment. This demands the implementation of measures and policies that promote sustainable approaches by farmers and raise public awareness about the risks associated with indiscriminate pesticide use and responsible food consumption.