Antifouling Property of Cu₂O-Free Self-Polishing Antifouling Coatings Based on Amide Derivatives Inspired by Capsaicin

Abstract

The evidence from many studies shows that antifoulants (Cu2O) and organic antifouling agents with broad-spectrum characteristics in antifouling coatings cause varying degrees of damage to the environment. Therefore, this study prepared Cu2O-free self-polishing antifouling coatings based on amide derivatives inspired by capsaicin (ADIC-CSAC) with green and environmentally friendly characteristics. First, the structure of ADIC and the composition of ADIC-CSAC were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, and EDX. Moreover, antibacterial, anti-algal, static raft tests and changes in the mass loss, roughness, contact angle, and surface energy were used to evaluate the antifouling and self-polishing properties of ADIC-CSAC. The test results showed that ADIC and ADIC-CSAC were successfully prepared and ADIC-CSAC possessed good antifouling and self-polishing properties. ADIC-CSAC exhibited antibacterial and anti-algal rates of over 88 and 72%, respectively, and was found to have satisfactory antifouling properties over 9 months in a real marine field. Overall, the prepared ADIC-CSAC possesses good and green antifouling and self-polishing properties, which lays a foundation for research on green antifouling coatings used for environmental protection.

Spray-Drying Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings with Degradable Biocide Release for Marine Antifouling

“…It will bring many adverse effects to the transportation, development, and utilization of marine resources. , For example, the fouling by marine organisms will increase the navigation resistance of ships, thus slowing down the speed and increasing the consumption of fuel, which will indirectly lead to an increase in the greenhouse gas emissions and bring adverse effects to the environment. − In addition, marine biofouling will also accelerate the corrosion of ship hulls, drilling equipment, pipelines, and other materials, causing huge economic losses. − Therefore, marine biofouling has become an urgent problem, requiring immediate attention of the research and development community. At present, applying antifouling coatings is the most widely used and effective method to prevent and control biofouling. − Traditional antifouling coatings mainly kill marine organisms by releasing toxic substances such as copper, mercury, and lead . However, these highly toxic substances will cause great harm to the marine environment. − Therefore, researchers have begun to focus on finding environment-friendly antifouling materials, such as organic silicon-based antifouling materials, − amphiphilic polymers, , and anti-adhesion materials …”

Polyethylene Glycol-b-poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Hydrolyzable Block Copolymers for Eco-Friendly Self-Polishing Marine Coatings

“…On the other hand, self-polishing coatings (SPCs) that contain copper oxide (Cu 2 O) as biocide currently dominate the market, and base their AF activity on the presence of seawater hydrolyzable (meth)acrylate groups that lead to the renewal of the coating surface by an erosion process, with a simultaneous release of biocide copper species with a controlled rate. Such SPCs generally also contain booster biocides (2.5–10 wt%) that enhance the AF activity of the metal-based biocide against target organisms and, in some cases, non-target organisms as well [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Nowadays, these coatings are becoming progressively more regulated because of environmental concerns due to their high level of copper leaching, negatively affecting different marine organisms at various stages of their life.…”