Antifungal Activities of Pure and ZnO-Encapsulated Essential Oil of Zataria multiflora on Alternaria solani as the Pathogenic Agent of Tomato Early Blight Disease

Abstract

The utilization of plant essential oils (EOs) and nanomaterials due to their safety compared with synthetic chemicals has been considered in the management of plant diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora, Nepeta haussknechtii, Artemisia sieberi, and Citrus aurantifolia EOs in pure and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanocapsulated formulations were evaluated on the mycelial growth of Alternaria solani to find a suitable alternative for synthetic chemicals. The crystal structure and morphological properties of the fabricated nanomaterials were assessed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The textural features of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and the presence of elements in the samples was studied with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique. The mycelial growth inhibitory (MGI) was performed in the laboratory by mixing with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at concentrations of 100, 300, 600, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm. Based on the results, major differences were monitored between different concentrations. At the highest studied concentration, the inhibition of Z. multiflora EO was 100%, which was 43.20, 42.37, and 21.19% for N. haussknechtii, A. sieberi, and C. aurantifolia, respectively, and the inhibition of their nanocapsules was 100, 51.32, 55.23, and 26.58%, respectively. In the greenhouse study, Z. multiflora EO and its nanocapsule (ZnO-ZmEO) were compared with the ZnO and chlorothalonil fungicide based on the highest inhibitory of Z. multiflora in vitro. The highest antifungal effect was related to the ZnO-ZmEO by 53.33%. Therefore, the ZnO-ZmEO formulation can be recommended as a biofungicide for managing and controlling tomato early blight disease after further research.

Fighting Phytopathogens with Engineered Inorganic-Based Nanoparticles

“…Nanocapsule formation : Encapsulation is an adequate method to overcome issues coming from the instability and volatility of the essential oils (EOs) and/or protecting active ingredients for improving their distribution and controlled release. Inorganic-based nanocapsules of Zataria multiflora essential oil and ZnO NPs (ZnO-ZmEO) were investigated against six isolates of Fusarium [ 140 ] and A. solani [ 141 ], respectively. The mycelial growth inhibitory effect, in both individual investigations, was increased (by 42.70% compared to ZnO NPs and by 66.33% to EO).…”

Zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles as a potential solution for controlling Phytophthora infestans, the late blight disease of potatoes

“…There have been several studies on the use of CuO nanoparticles in phytopathogenic fungi, either in culture media (in vitro ) such as Alternaria citri [ 22 ], greenhouse conditions (in vivo ) against P. infestans [ 23 ], or field conditions such as Rhizoctonia solani [ 24 ]. The antifungal activity of ZnO against fungi has been evaluated in vitro [ 25 ], in vivo [ 26 ], and in the field [ 27 ]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of ZnO NPs on the growth of P. infestans has not been studied.…”

Microwave-Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Ca(OH)2 Nanoparticles Destined for Geraniol Encapsulation

“…Thus, recent studies emphasize the synergistic potential of inorganic-based nanocapsules (NCs) and EOs in fighting plant pathogens. NCs formulated with Zataria multiflora and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) demonstrated up to 66.33% increased efficacy against various Fusarium isolates and A. solani [13,14]. In studies with B. cinerea, pure geraniol and nanoemulsions containing geraniol showed EC 50 values of 235 µg/mL and 105 µg/mL, respectively [15].…”