Antifungal Activity of Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma atroviride in Liquid Medium

Stracquadanio, Claudia; Quiles, Juan Manuel; Meca, Giuseppe; Cacciola, S. O.

doi:10.3390/jof6040263

Cited by 103 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The ability to compete for nutrients and space is commonly found in several Trichoderma spp. to overcome the growth of fungal pathogens through a dual culture assay [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 31 ]. In vitro studies revealed the competition mechanism of Trichoderma spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma koningiopsis PSU3-2 against Postharvest Anthracnose of Chili Pepper

Ruangwong

Pornsuriya

Pitija³

et al. 2021

JoF

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Several mechanisms are involved in the biological control of plant pathogens by the soil-borne Trichoderma spp. fungi. The aim of this study was to characterize a new strain of Trichoderma as a potential biological control agent to control the postharvest anthracnose of chili pepper caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides. A total of nine strains of Trichoderma spp. were screened for their antifungal activity using a dual culture assay against C.gloeosporioides. Trichoderma koningiopsis PSU3-2 was shown to be the most effective strain, with a percentage inhibition of 79.57%, which was significantly higher than that of other strains (p < 0.05). In the sealed plate method, T. koningiopsis PSU3-2 suppressed the growth of C.gloeosporioides by 38.33%. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied to trap volatiles emitted by T. koningiopsis PSU3-2, and the GC/MS profiling revealed the presence of antifungal compounds including azetidine, 2-phenylethanol, and ethyl hexadecanoate. The production of cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) was assayed through cell-free culture filtrate (CF) of PSU3-2, and the enzyme activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase was 0.06 and 0.23 U/mL, respectively, significantly higher than that in the control (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy of the mycelium incubated in cell-free CF of T. koningiopsis PSU3-2 showed the abnormal shape of C.gloeosporioides hyphae. Application of T. koningiopsis PSU3-2 by the dipping method significantly reduced the lesion size (p < 0.05) after inoculation with C.gloeosporioides compared to the control, and there was no disease symptom development in T. koningiopsis PSU3-2-treated chili pepper. This study demonstrates that T. koningiopsis PSU3-2 is an effective antagonistic microorganism and a promising biocontrol agent against postharvest anthracnose of chili pepper, acting with multiple mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VOCs have been reported as being produced and released by several Trichoderma species with a diversity of volatile compounds [ 31 ]. The VOCs emitted by Trichoderma species display multiple functions; they have antifungal properties, induce a defense response, and promote plant growth [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma koningiopsis PSU3-2 against Postharvest Anthracnose of Chili Pepper

Ruangwong

Pornsuriya

Pitija³

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Endophytes are a successful biological control agent (BCA) also capable of secreting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and cell-wall-degrading enzymes to inhibit the fungal growth involved in antibiosis. Some Trichoderma species produce nonvolatile and volatile compounds responsible for inhibiting pathogens [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], and may directly trigger the defense system in host plants [ 6 , 11 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

Intana

Kheawleng

Sunpapao

2021

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Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.

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“…To minimize the risks resulting from the use of synthetic fungicides and in accordance with the European Directive 2009/128/EC, aimed at reducing the use of pesticides in agriculture, alternative and more eco-friendly strategies are being sought in the past few years ( Stracquadanio et al, 2020 ). They include the reinforcement of natural plant defense mechanisms by eco-friendly external inputs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Biostimulants Elicit Plant Immune System in an Integrated Management Strategy of the Postharvest Green Mold of Orange Fruits Incited by Penicillium digitatum

Spada

Aloi

Coniglione³

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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This study was aimed at testing the integrated use of a natural biostimulant based on seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) and plant (alfalfa and sugarcane) extracts and reduced dosages of the conventional synthetic fungicide Imazalil (IMZ) to manage postharvest rots of orange fruits. The following aspects were investigated: (i) the effectiveness of postharvest treatment with natural biostimulant alone or in mixture with IMZ at a reduced dose against green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum; (ii) the differential expression of defense genes in orange fruits treated with the natural biostimulant both alone and in combination with a reduced dose of IMZ; (iii) the persistence of the inhibitory activity of both biostimulant and the mixture biostimulant/IMZ against green mold; and (iv) the residue level of fungicide in citrus peel when applied alone or in combination with the biostimulant. Treatments with the chemical plant resistance-inducer potassium phosphite, alone or with a reduced dose of IMZ, were included for comparison. The mixture of natural biostimulant and IMZ at a low dose consistently reduced the incidence and severity of fruit green mold and induced a significant increase of the expression level of β-1,3-glucanase-, peroxidase (PEROX)-, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)-encoding genes in fruit peel, suggesting that the natural biostimulant elicits a long-lasting resistance of citrus fruits to infections by P. digitatum. Interestingly, the residual concentration of IMZ in fruits treated with the biostimulant/fungicide mixture was significantly lower than that of IMZ in fruits treated only with the fungicide at the same dose and by far below the threshold values set by the European Union. This study laid the foundations for (i) conceiving a practical and more eco-friendly alternative to the conventional postharvest management of green mold of citrus fruits, based almost exclusively on the use of synthetic fungicide IMZ, alone or mixed with potassium phosphite and (ii) providing a better insight into the mechanisms of disease resistance induction by biostimulants.

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Antifungal Activity of Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma atroviride in Liquid Medium

Cited by 103 publications

References 45 publications

Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma koningiopsis PSU3-2 against Postharvest Anthracnose of Chili Pepper

Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma koningiopsis PSU3-2 against Postharvest Anthracnose of Chili Pepper

Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

Natural Biostimulants Elicit Plant Immune System in an Integrated Management Strategy of the Postharvest Green Mold of Orange Fruits Incited by Penicillium digitatum

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