Antifungal Activity of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil and Nystatin on Store Isolate of Candida species from HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis

Abstract

Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by the mycotic activity of Candida albicans present in the oral cavity, and it is one of the most common opportunistic infections found in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The growing resistance and side effects to common antifungal drugs have promoted herbal essential oils as antifungal agents in recent years. In this study, essential oils (EO) of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) were examined for in vitro antifungal activ­ity against Candida species. Purpose: To evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin using the microdilution technique by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Candida spesies. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only design conducted in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Teaching Hospital, Surabaya. Forty isolates consisted of twenty isolates of Candida albicans and twenty isolates of Candida non-albicans were collected. The isolates were tested for antifungal activity using the microdilution on 96-well plates. Result: There was a significant difference from the results of the MIC concentration of rosemary essential 100% to 6.25% microdilution method between nystatin and rosemary essential oil (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The antifungal activity of rosemary essential oil was better than nystatin that the lowest MIC value, which was 6.25%, has been obtained the microdilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentration of rosemary essential oil was 25%, while the minimum fungicidal concentration nystatin was higher than 100%.

Antifungal Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Emulsion Gel Compared to Nystatin on Candida albicans Stored Isolate from HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis

“…This was a conflicting result compared to a study by Anjuwita et al in which using the microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of rosemary essential oil were obtained and it were 6.25% and 25%. 6 This study used the same rosemary essential oil as the study mentioned before to maintain reproducibility. The conflicting result can be caused by the different methods used (microdilution in the study by Anjuwita et al and disk diffusion in this study).…”

“…Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) test on rosemary essential oil which was used as an active ingredient in this study had been carried out in research by Anjuwita et al with the results that the essential oil contains 45.12% 1,8-cineol, 12.78% αpinene, 10.79% camphor and 3.50% borneol. 6 The typical components of rosemary are 1,8-cineol, αpinene, and camphor. These components can have relatively stable ratios that define each plant essential oil chemotype.…”

“…A study to evaluate the antifungal activity of rosemary essential oil to Candida species from HIV/AIDS patients with OC showed the minimum inhibitory concentration is 6.25%, while the minimum fungicidal concentration is 25%. 6 The downside of essential oil is its low volatility and the potential for skin irritation in direct application. 7,8 Emulsion gel (emulgel) can help resolve this problem.…”

Formulation and Development of a Herbal Antifungal Gel Containing Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils Against Oral Candida albicans

“…Candida species are normal commensals of the human oral cavity and also opportunistic microbes involved in the most prevalent oral fungal infections, such as candidiasis [ 1 ]. Around 150 species of Candida have been identified, with Candida albicans ( C. albicans ) being the chief causative organism for oral candidiasis and accounting for up to 95% of total reported cases [ 2 ].…”