Antifungal Agent Chitooligosaccharides Derived from Solid-State Fermentation of Shrimp Shell Waste by Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1

Abstract

Shrimp shell waste is a potential source of the biopolymer chitin. Through fermentation, chitin can be converted into its derivative products. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the products of the biodegradation of chitin from shrimp shell waste through a solid-state fermentation process using actinomycetes. Actinomycete isolates were obtained from tunicate marine biota collected from the waters of Buleleng, Bali, using a dilution technique on 1% chitin colloid agar medium. The isolated actinomycetes were cultivated on a shrimp shell waste medium for 7 days, and then the products of the biodegradation of the oligomers were extracted using water. The extracts of the biodegradation products of the shrimp shells were isolated through several chromatographic steps and analyzed using LC–MS–MS, and the bioactivity of the biodegradation products against fungi was tested. The morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate 18D36-A1 was a rare actinomycete with the proposed name Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1. The results of the analysis using TLC showed that the solid-state fermented water isolate 18D36-A1 produced several oligomeric components. These results indicate that the isolate 18D36-A1 was able to convert chitin into chitooligosaccharides. Further isolation of the extract produced the active fraction D36A1C38, which can inhibit the growth of fungi by 74% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. This initial information is very important for further studies related to the development of a solid-state fermentation process for obtaining bioactive compounds from shrimp shell waste.

Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides: Antifungal Potential and Structural Insights

“…The COS sample with the strong presence of chitohexaose showed the highest fungal growth inhibition [88] pathogenic fungi, the studies differ regarding the diluents of these molecules. Some did not even mention this important assay parameter (Table 3).…”

A Method for Improving Microbial Conversion of Diosgenin and Separation and Identification of the Product

“…11 were the largest and brightest, and it could be preliminarily determined that strain No. 11 had the highest saponin yield [27]. From Figure 3b, using the bar chart to compare the saponin yield after the fermentation of the screened strains, it can be concluded that, among them, the saponin yield of No.…”

Solid-State Fermentation: Applications and Future Perspectives for Biostimulant and Biopesticides Production

“…However, the same technology has not been yet applied for the optimization of potential biopesticides released by this species (e.g., antifungal chitinases) [177]. Also, the recent work of Widyastuti et al described the Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1 SSF using shrimp shell wastes to produce antifungal biopesticides against Malassezia globose (a mammalian pathogen) [178]. Fusarium oxysporum [196] Streptomyces similanensis 9X166 M rice bran, cassava chips, and coconut husks 33 ± 2 • C 7 151 × 10 7 CFU/g −1 Phytophthora palmivora [197] In the table, Tg, Targets:B, bacteria; M, molds; I, insects; Q, mosquitos; D, SSF days; DM, dry matter.…”

“…However, the same technology has not been yet applied for the optimization of potential biopesticides released by this species (e.g., antifungal chitinases) [ 177 ]. Also, the recent work of Widyastuti et al described the Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1 SSF using shrimp shell wastes to produce antifungal biopesticides against Malassezia globose (a mammalian pathogen) [ 178 ].…”