Antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water: Potential risks to water users

Monapathi, Mzimkhulu Ephraim; Horn, Suranie; Vogt, Tash; Wyk, Deidré van; Mienie, Charlotte; Ezeokoli, Obinna T.; Coertze, Roelof Dirk; Rhode, O. H. J.; Bezuidenhout, Cornelius Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129718

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The spike in fluconazole concentrations in February 2022 is unknown. Fluconazole concentrations have been reported in surface water in North West Province, South Africa [ 7 ]. The latter studies focussed on antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter studies focussed on antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water. The spread of fluconazole in the water environment may be associated with its prescription for individuals living with HIV to treat candidaemia and cryptococcal meningitis [ 7 , 67 ]. Its frequent application and recalcitrance to biodegradation in conventional wastewater treatment plants may lead to its prevalence in the water environment which may pose risks to water users [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aforementioned report further revealed that in 2015, more than 60% of the antibiotics procured in South Africa for human health were used as growth promoters. In addition to this high use of antibiotics, the antifungal, fluconazole, is prescribed to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and since South Africa has 13.7% PLWH, fluconazole is highly used [ 7 , 8 ] and was included in the analysis. The extensive usage of antimicrobials has led to the spread of antibiotic residues in the aquatic environment since human and animal bodies cannot fully metabolize antibiotics [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic residues in drinking water production facilities: Links to bacterial community

Tsholo,

Molale-Tom,

Horn

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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There is a rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. However, the impact of antibiotic resistance in drinking water is relatively underexplored. Thus, this study aimed to quantify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic residues in two drinking water production facilities (NW-E and NW-C) in North West Province, South Africa and link these parameters to bacterial communities. Physicochemical and ARG levels were determined using standard procedures. Residues (antibiotics and fluconazole) and ARGs were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) chemical analysis and real-time PCR, respectively. Bacterial community compositions were determined by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Data were analysed using redundancy analysis and pairwise correlation. Although some physicochemical levels were higher in treated than in raw water, drinking water in NW-E and NW-C was safe for human consumption using the South African Water Quality Guideline (SAWQG). ARGs were detected in raw and treated water. In NW-E, the concentrations of ARGs (sul1, intl1, EBC, FOX, ACC and DHA) were higher in treated water than in raw water. Regarding antimicrobial agents, antibiotic and fluconazole concentrations were higher in raw than in treated water. However, in NW-C, trimethoprim concentrations were higher in raw than in treated water. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial communities were not significantly correlated (Monte Carlo simulations, p-value >0.05) with environmental factors. However, pairwise correlation showed significant differences (p-value <0.05) for Armatimonas, CL500-29 marine group, Clade III, Dickeya and Zymomonas genera with environmental factors. The presence of ARGs and antibiotic residues in the current study indicated that antibiotic resistance is not only a clinical phenomenon but also in environmental settings, particularly in drinking water niches. Consumption of NW-E and NW-C treated water may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance among consumers. Thus, regulating and monitoring ARGs and antibiotic residues in drinking water production facilities should be regarded as paramount.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic residues in drinking water production facilities: Links to bacterial community

Tsholo,

Molale-Tom,

Horn

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Aquatic environments and sediments are important habitats to study microorganism diversity, and yeasts can be easily found in these ecosystems, presenting phenotypic plasticity and adaptations to tolerate salinity, environmental temperature, oxygen saturation, and acidity [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In this sense, several pathogenic or opportunistic yeasts can be isolated from lakes [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], rivers [ 7 , 9 , 10 ], drinking water [ 7 , 11 ], and wastewater [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 12 ]. They are susceptible to acquiring resistance to medical antifungals, such as fluconazole, which is the most widely used agent in the clinic as primary treatment [ 13 ], and triazole fungicides, which are frequently used in agriculture [ 14 ], while some of them have intrinsic resistance, such as the species Candida krusei , Rhodotorula mucilaginosa , and Meyerozyma guilliermondii [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…resistant to azole antifungals and amphotericin B. Several studies reported the isolation of pathogenic yeasts resistant to antifungal agents from lakes, lagoons, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), mainly in South America [ 6 , 8 ] and South Africa [ 1 , 7 , 10 , 12 ]. In Colombia, the intensive use of azole antifungals without medical prescription, or their use as a prophylactic in immunosuppressed patients, increased the number of cases of resistant yeasts, mainly of C. albicans [ 19 ] or the C. parapsilosis complex [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems

Caicedo-Bejarano

Osorio-Vanegas

Castillo

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Meléndez River, drinking water treatment plant “Puerto Mallarino” in the Cauca River) and wastewater (South Channel of the Cauca River, “Cañaveralejo-PTAR” wastewater treatment plant). Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentration, and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified using API 20 C AUX (BioMérieux) and sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1/D2 regions of the large subunit of the ribosome. Susceptibility assays against fluconazole and amphotericin B using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were determined using the microdilution method. The influence of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals was established using principal component analysis (PCA). Yeast counts were higher at WWTP “PTAR” and lower at Melendez River, as expected. A total of 14 genera and 21 yeast species was identified, and the genus Candida was present at all locations. Susceptibility tests showed a 32.7% resistance profile to fluconazole in the order DWTP “Puerto Mallarino = WWTP “PTAR” > South Channel “Navarro”. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters/concentration of heavy metals and yeast levels between the aquatic systems under study. A positive association was observed between yeast levels and total dissolved solids, nitrate levels, and Cr at the “PTAR” WWTP; conductivity, Zn, and Cu in the South Channel; and the presence of Pb in the “Puerto Mallarino” DWTP. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida sp. 1 were influenced by Cr and Cd, and Diutina catelunata was influenced by Fe (p < 0.05). The water systems explored in this study showed different yeast levels and susceptibility profiles, and, therefore, possible genetic differences among populations of the same species, and different physico-chemical and heavy metals concentrations, which were probably modulating the antifungal-resistant yeasts. All these aquatic systems discharge their content into the Cauca River. We highlight the importance to further investigate if these resistant communities continue to other locations in the second largest river of Colombia and to determine the risk posed to humans and animals.

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Non-targeted screening of emerging contaminants in South African surface and wastewater

Abafe

Lawal

Chokwe

2023

Emerging Contaminants

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Antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water: Potential risks to water users

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic residues in drinking water production facilities: Links to bacterial community

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic residues in drinking water production facilities: Links to bacterial community

Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems

Non-targeted screening of emerging contaminants in South African surface and wastewater

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