Antifungal features and properties of chitosan/sandalwood oil Pickering emulsion coating stabilized by appropriate cellulose nanofiber dosage for fresh fruit application

Abstract

A novel composite edible coating film was developed from 0.8% chitosan (CS) and 0.5% sandalwood oil (SEO). Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used as a stabilizer agent of oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. We found four typical groups of CNF level-dependent emulsion stabilization, including (1) unstable emulsion in the absence of CNFs; (2) unstable emulsion (0.006–0.21% CNFs); (3) stable emulsion (0.24–0.31% CNFs); and (4) regular emulsion with the addition of surfactant. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to reveal the characteristics of droplet diameter and morphology. Antifungal tests against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum, between emulsion coating stabilized with CNFs (CS-SEOpick) and CS or CS-SEO was tested. The effective concentration of CNFs (0.24%) may improve the performance of CS coating and maintain CS-SEO antifungal activity synergistically confirmed with a series of assays (in vitro, in vivo, and membrane integrity changes). The incorporation of CNFs contributed to improve the functional properties of CS and SEO-loaded CS including light transmission at UV and visible light wavelengths and tensile strength. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the biocompatibility of each coating film formulation. Emulsion-CNF stabilized coating may have potential applications for active coating for fresh fruit commodities.

Bioadaptive Porous 3D Scaffolds Comprising Cellulose and Chitosan Nanofibers Constructed by Pickering Emulsion Templating

“…[28,29,[47][48][49] Various Pickering emulsion systems, which were prepared by using nanocellulose, nanochitin, and nanochitosan, have been explored by mixing different kinds of particle-stabilized emulsion together or by mixing cellulose-stabilized emulsion with chitosan solution. [19][20][21]50,51] However, most of them were focused on the interfacial behavior of stabilizers or the applications for active coating and targeted delivery. Instead of Pickering emulsion, various hydrogels and films, which are composite materials with cellulose and chitosan, have been applied for evaluating cell cytotoxicity.…”

Production of Innovative Essential Oil-Based Emulsion Coatings for Fungal Growth Control on Postharvest Fruits

“…According to the latter considerations, it clearly emerges that the determination of the suitable concentration of cellulosic materials outstands as a pivotal parameter to achieve improved antifungal properties in cellulose-based coatings [ 55 ].…”

Nanoscale Pickering emulsion food preservative films/coatings: Compositions, preparations, influencing factors, and applications

“…Studies have shown that the optimal amount of nanoparticle addition can be determined by evaluating the microstructure of the emulsion and its storage stability (Wardana et al, 2021). Nonetheless, when it comes to food packaging, thoroughly characterizing the properties of films and choosing the optimal nanoparticle concentration is crucial to ensure optimum performance (Figure 2a).…”