Abstract:BackgroundIn our previous studies, it was evident that the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) stem barks extract of Polyscias fulva and fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residue) demonstrated interesting antidermatophytic activities. So, as a continuity of that, this work aimed at identifying active principles with antifungal properties from P. fulva that could be used as markers for possible standardization of this plant as phytomedicine.MethodsThe ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual fractions of the … Show more
“…Indeed saponins [16], phenols [17], tannins [18] and alkaloids [19], identified in thesetested materials [9] have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities. The relative wide range of antimicrobial properties may results from the individual or from the combined modes of action of compounds belonging to the identified groups of constituents.…”
“…In our previous studies, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) crude extract showed interesting antidermatophytic activities both in vitro and in vivo [8]. A number of biologically active (against fungi) compounds have been isolated from P. fulva including two phenolics, one steroid, one triterpene and seven terpenoid saponins [9]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no information on its antibacterial and free radical scavenging properties is available.…”
BackgroundIn our previous work, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract, fractions and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark showed interesting antifungal activity. As a continuity of that work, this study aimed to bring out complementary informations about the antimicrobial properties of P. fulva stem bark that may be useful in the standardization of phytomedicine from this plant.MethodsThe antibacterial activities of the crude extract, fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual) and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark were assayed by broth microdilution techniques. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), pyrogallol (superoxide anion) and β-carotene - linoleic acid assays.ResultsThe crude extract presented antibacterial activities against S. typhi (ATCC 6539), E. aerogenes (ATCC 13045), P. aeruginosa (PA01) and E. coli (ATCC 10536) with MIC values of 2000 to 8000 μg/ml. The fractionation led the ethyle acetate and n-butanol fractions relatively more active (MIC = 500 to 1000 μg/ml) as compared to the crude extract. β-sitosterol and 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin were the most active compounds on the tested bacteria with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 100 μg/ml. The most sensitive was P. aeruginosa (PA01) on which all the tested compounds were active with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 400 μg/ml. Among all the tested substances, the crude extract (RSa50 = 84.86 μg/ml) and the methyl atrarate (RSa50 = 14.77 μg/ml), showed the highest scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and those arising from the oxidation of the linoleic acid respectively.ConclusionFrom this study, the results obtained reveal that the stem bark of P. fulva possesses antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It may then be useful in the development of an antimicrobial phytomedicine with a large spectrum of actvity endowed with antioxidant properties which can be standardised based on the isolated compounds.
“…Indeed saponins [16], phenols [17], tannins [18] and alkaloids [19], identified in thesetested materials [9] have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities. The relative wide range of antimicrobial properties may results from the individual or from the combined modes of action of compounds belonging to the identified groups of constituents.…”
“…In our previous studies, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) crude extract showed interesting antidermatophytic activities both in vitro and in vivo [8]. A number of biologically active (against fungi) compounds have been isolated from P. fulva including two phenolics, one steroid, one triterpene and seven terpenoid saponins [9]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no information on its antibacterial and free radical scavenging properties is available.…”
BackgroundIn our previous work, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract, fractions and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark showed interesting antifungal activity. As a continuity of that work, this study aimed to bring out complementary informations about the antimicrobial properties of P. fulva stem bark that may be useful in the standardization of phytomedicine from this plant.MethodsThe antibacterial activities of the crude extract, fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual) and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark were assayed by broth microdilution techniques. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), pyrogallol (superoxide anion) and β-carotene - linoleic acid assays.ResultsThe crude extract presented antibacterial activities against S. typhi (ATCC 6539), E. aerogenes (ATCC 13045), P. aeruginosa (PA01) and E. coli (ATCC 10536) with MIC values of 2000 to 8000 μg/ml. The fractionation led the ethyle acetate and n-butanol fractions relatively more active (MIC = 500 to 1000 μg/ml) as compared to the crude extract. β-sitosterol and 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin were the most active compounds on the tested bacteria with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 100 μg/ml. The most sensitive was P. aeruginosa (PA01) on which all the tested compounds were active with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 400 μg/ml. Among all the tested substances, the crude extract (RSa50 = 84.86 μg/ml) and the methyl atrarate (RSa50 = 14.77 μg/ml), showed the highest scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and those arising from the oxidation of the linoleic acid respectively.ConclusionFrom this study, the results obtained reveal that the stem bark of P. fulva possesses antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It may then be useful in the development of an antimicrobial phytomedicine with a large spectrum of actvity endowed with antioxidant properties which can be standardised based on the isolated compounds.
“…The 1 H NMR spectrum of the glycone portion showed the presence of three oxymethine protons at δ H -3.30, 3.60, 3.31 together with a methylene proton at 3.32/3.65 for H-5' and anomeric proton at δ H -4.19. The sugar molecule was therefore identified as Arabinose (Joshi et al, 1992;Njateng et al, 2015). Thus, with all the correlations considered, the compound was identified as a monosaccharide triterpenoid saponin of olean-12-en-28-oic acid aglycone with the molecular formula C 35 H 56 O8.…”
Saponins are a major family of secondary metabolites that occur in a wide range of plant species. Bioassay-guided fractionation of extract of the leaves of Polyscias fulva led to the isolation of three known saponins named, 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin (1), 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)-α-Larabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin (2) and 3-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-xylopyranosyl]-Olean-12-en-28-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-glucopyranosyl-(1→6-glucopyranosyl] ester) (3). Leaves of the plant were collected from Kakamega rain forest in Kenya, dried under shade and ground into fine powder and extraction was done using methanol. The methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography and the fractions purified using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The bioactivity of the pure compounds was done using disc diffusion method. The three compounds exhibited moderate activities against Gram positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25922) and Gram negative bacterium (Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883). Compound 1 was found to be the most active against K. pneumoniae (8.00±1.00 mm) and S. aureus (10.00±1.73 mm) followed by compound 2 with inhibition zones of 7.66±0.57 and 7.33±0.57 mm against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, respectively. Compound 3 was the least active against both K. pneumoniae (7.33±0.57 mm) and S. aureus (7.00±1.00 mm). The results obtained indicate that compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibit potential as possible sources of antibacterial agents.
“…The microdilution assay is recommended for the screening of natural compounds because of the high throughput potential, considerable savings in media usage, and requirement of a small amount of sample; moreover this method could be applied for different microorganisms (de Melo et al, 2013;Djouossi et al, 2015;Gehrke et al, 2013;Johann et al, 2010;Njateng et al, 2015;Pozzatti et al, 2008). The employment of the macrodilution technique to evaluate natural products as antifungals was reported in different studies (Bouzabata et al, 2013;Cabral et al, 2012;Pinto et al, 2013).…”
Section: Macrodilution and Microdilution Assaymentioning
In the last decades, the increased number of immunocompromised patients has led to the emergence of many forms of fungal infections. Furthermore, there are a restricted arsenal of antifungals available and an increase in the development of resistance to antifungal drugs. Because of these disadvantages, the search for new antifungal agents in natural sources has increased. The development of these new antifungal drugs involves various steps and methodologies. The evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity and cytotoxicity are the first steps in the screening. There is also the possibility of antifungal combinations to improve the therapy and reduce toxicity. Despite that, the application of the new antifungal candidate could be used in association with photodynamic therapy or using nanotechnology as an ally. In vivo tests can be performed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity using conventional and alternative animal models. In this work, we review the methods available for the evaluation of the antifungal activity and safety of natural products, as well as the recent advances of new technology in the application of natural products for antifungal therapy.
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