Antifungal resistance and clinical significance in small animals

Kaya, Yasemın; Dokuzeylül, Banu; Bakırel, Utku; Or, Mehmet Erman

doi:10.51585/gjvr.2022.2.0034

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Susceptibility to the azole antifungals fluconazole (FCZ) and ketoconazole (KTZ) were tested using Etests ( Table 1a ) as described in Material and Methods. FCZ and KTZ are important human and animal antifungal drugs ( 28 ). Terbinafine (TER) is a common allylamine antifungal used in veterinary medicine, often used for treatment of Malassezia infections ( 28 ); however since TER Etests are not available, dot drug susceptibility assays were performed for this antifungal ( Table 1a ) as described in Material and Methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal diversity and drug susceptibility of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs

Esquivel,

Rouse Salcido,

Schweiker

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the variety and diversity of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs and to identify the commensal and potentially pathogenic fungi present. Two hundred fifty-one buccal swabs from domestic dogs were obtained and struck onto a chromogenic fungal growth medium that distinguishes between fungal species based on colony color and morphology. After isolating and harvesting single colonies, genomic DNA was extracted from pure cultures. PCR was used to amplify a fungal-specific variable rDNA region of the genome, which was then sent for sequencing. Sequencing results were input into the NCBI BLAST database to identify individual components of the oral mycobiome of tested dogs. Of the 251 dogs swabbed, 73 had cultivable fungi present and 10 dogs had multiple fungal species isolated. Although the dogs did not show signs of oral infections at the time, we did find fungal species that cause pathogenicity in animals and humans. Among fungal isolates, Malassezia pachydermatis and species from the genus Candida were predominant. Following fungal isolate identification, antifungal drug susceptibility tests were performed on each isolate toward the medically important antifungal drugs including fluconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine. Drug susceptibility test results indicated that a large number of isolates had high MIC values for all three drugs. Exploring the oral mycobiome of dogs, as well as the corresponding drug susceptibility profiles, can have important implications for canine dental hygiene, health, and medical treatment. Identifying the microorganisms within the canine mouth can illustrate a common pathway for fungal pathogens of One Health concern to spread from our canine companions to humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal diversity and drug susceptibility of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs

Esquivel,

Rouse Salcido,

Schweiker

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Despite the use of effective antimicrobials against the pathogens isolated in the present report, the difficulty of penetration of the drugs in the affected region may have been an important factor in the non-complete remission of the disease. The low response to treatment can also be attributed to the development of resistance, such as overexpression of membrane transporters and altered ergosterol biosynthesis, to itraconazole and fluoconazole, both triazoles [ 30 ]. The ended up progressing to loss of quality of life, resulting in euthanasia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) – case report

Soares,

Rosado,

Sousa

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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Background Staphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Case presentation This essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient’s owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized. Conclusion Given the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost.

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“…Although new antifungal drugs have been recently developed, the prevalence of fungal infections has continued to rise. As a result, the rate of drug resistance to these medications has also increased greatly, thereby posing serious health issues [262].…”

Section: Fungal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

et al. 2022

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Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet’s climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.

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Antifungal resistance and clinical significance in small animals

Cited by 7 publications

References 103 publications

Fungal diversity and drug susceptibility of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs

Fungal diversity and drug susceptibility of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs

Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) – case report

An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

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