Antigen- and/or immune-driven lymphoproliferative disorders

Experimental Infection of NOD/SCID Mice Reconstituted with Human CD34 + Cells with Epstein-Barr Virus

“…Interestingly, not all 10 genes are expressed simultaneously during latency in all cases. Different patterns of gene expression have been described, and each one of them has been shown to correlate to a specific disease(s) (1,36). For example, type 1 latency is defined by the expression of EBNA1 and EBERs and is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma (1,7,36).…”

“…Different patterns of gene expression have been described, and each one of them has been shown to correlate to a specific disease(s) (1,36). For example, type 1 latency is defined by the expression of EBNA1 and EBERs and is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma (1,7,36). Type 2 latency is defined by EBNA1, LMP1, LMP2, and EBER expression and is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1,7,36).…”

“…For example, type 1 latency is defined by the expression of EBNA1 and EBERs and is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma (1,7,36). Type 2 latency is defined by EBNA1, LMP1, LMP2, and EBER expression and is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1,7,36). The type 3 latency pattern is characterized by the expression of EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, EBNA3C, EBNA-LP, LMP1, LMP2, and EBERs and is associated with lymphoproliferative disease, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, and infectious mononucleosis (1,36).…”

Hepatitis C Virus Infection Can Affect Lymphoproliferative Disorders Only as a Cofactor for Epstein-Barr Virus in Liver Transplant Recipients: PTLD.Int Survey

“…19,20 It has been demonstrated that HCV nonstructural proteins (NS3 and HCV core protein) can induce cell transformation in nude mice, and that HCV core protein is capable of effecting cellular protooncogenesis regulation and stimulating B-cell secreting cryoglobulin, which potentially can result in clonal expansion and lymphoma. [56][57][58] Hepatitis C virus RNA or proteins also have been found in epithelial cells of parotid lymphoma, and in bone marrow and lymph nodes of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. 59,60 Other studies have demonstrated that HCV replicates blood cells including B-lymphocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells.…”

Immunomodulation and lymphoma in humans

“…In particular, B-cells appear to have a unique susceptibility to transformation with immunomodulation. Chronic antigenic stimulation and inflammation have been proposed to underlie lymphomas and other lymphoproliferative disorders in response to a variety of stimuli, including unresolved infection, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation associated with the host response to tissue/organ engraftment (see Aljurf et al, 2003;Suarez et al, 2006;Schuetz et al, 2010). These lymphoproliferative disorders are hypothesized to arise from transformation of chronically-activated lymphocytes that progressively transition from a non-malignant, reversible, polyclonal response to a malignant, irreversible, clonal disease.…”