Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021–2022

Nemoto, Manabu; Reedy, Stephanie E.; Yokota, Takanori; Suzuki, Kenya; Fukuda, Shino; Garvey, M. B.; Kambayashi, Yoshinori; Bannai, Hiroshi; Tsujimura, Koji; Yamanaka, Takashi; Cullinane, Ann; Chambers, Thomas M.

doi:10.1007/s00705-023-05720-x

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This change in contingency of the EIV may suggest that the preC consensus genome was particularly suited to clade divergence and host-switching ~1999. While some antigenic selection may occur (20, 80, 81), most mutations are not in the antigenic sites of the HA or NA, and likely represent genetic drift during the outbreak-driven circulation of FC1 (Figure 4). Equids may be similar to humans as long-lived vertebrates where relatively high levels of anti-EIV antibody immunity are induced due to either infection or vaccination but wane in time between lifetime exposures (82).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Wasik

Rothschild

Voorhees

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, Florida after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century the American lineage of EIV diverged into two Florida clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to clarify their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals both distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Wasik

Rothschild

Voorhees

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Positive cases in vaccinated equines could be associated with virus evolution (antigenic drift) or noncompliance with the entire vaccination protocol, as has been reported in Latin America, Italy, and Croatia [ 50 , 51 ]. As reported by Oladunni et al in 2021 [ 20 ], the constant evolution of viruses, vaccine breakdown, and vaccination-induced short-lived immunity have become constant challenges for achieving full protection against EIV-induced disease, highlighting the need for the constant study of EIV evolution and the host immune response [ 1 , 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020–2023

Gonzalez-Obando,

Zuluaga-Cabrera,

Moreno

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Equine influenza is a viral disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), and according to the WOAH, it is mandatory to report these infections. In Latin America and Colombia, EIV risk factors have not been analyzed. The objective of this research is to perform an epidemiological and molecular analysis of the EIV in horses with respiratory symptoms from 2020 to 2023 in Colombia. Molecular EIV detection was performed using RT‒qPCR and nanopore sequencing. A risk analysis was also performed via the GEE method. A total of 188 equines with EIV respiratory symptoms were recruited. The positivity rate was 33.5%. The descriptive analysis showed that only 12.8% of the horses were vaccinated, and measures such as the quarantine and isolation of symptomatic animals accounted for 91.5% and 88.8%, respectively. The variables associated with the EIV were the non-isolation of positive individuals (OR = 8.16, 95% CI (1.52–43.67), p = 0.014) and sharing space with poultry (OR = 2.16, 95% CI (1.09–4.26), p = 0.027). In conclusion, this is the first EIV investigation in symptomatic horses in Colombia, highlighting the presence of the virus in the country and the need to improve preventive and control measures.

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“…Recently, there have been no EIV outbreaks in the ROK; however, in the USA, EIV strains of the Florida clade 1 subtype have been circulating. Increased outbreaks of EIV were reported in the USA, where the disease is endemic [ 7 , 35 ]. China, Japan, and Mongolia are geographically closest to the ROK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022

Lim,

Kim,

Kim

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes acute respiratory disease in horses and belongs to the influenza A virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Orthomyxovirus. This virus may have severe financial implications for the horse industry owing to its highly contagious nature and rapid transmission. In the Republic of Korea, vaccination against EIV has been practiced with the active involvement of the Korea Racing Authority since 1974. In this study, we monitored the viral RNA for EIV using PCR, as well as the antibody levels against ‘A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8, clade 1)’, from 2020 to 2022. EIV was not detected using RT-PCR. The seropositivity rates detected using a hemagglutination inhibition assay were 90.3% in 2020, 96.7% in 2021, and 91.8% in 2022. The geometric mean of antibody titer (GMT) was 83.4 in 2020, 135.7 in 2021, and 95.6 in 2022. Yearlings and two-year-olds in training exhibited lower positive rates (59.1% in 2020, 38.9% in 2021, and 44.1% in 2022) than the average. These younger horses may require more attention for vaccination and vaccine responses against EIV. Continuous surveillance of EIV should be performed to monitor the prevalence and spread of this disease.

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Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021–2022

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020–2023

Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022

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