Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019

Nemoto, Manabu; Ohta, Minoru; Yamanaka, Takashi; Kambayashi, Yoshinori; Bannai, Hiroshi; Tsujimura, Koji; Yamayoshi, Seiya; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Cullinane, Ann

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…At the end of 2018 and 2019, these strains spread across Europe, causing many outbreaks. Contrary, Florida sublineage clade 2 strains, which had been dominant in Europe, have not been detected in Europe since 2018 (26). The same epidemiological situation is observed in Croatia because multifocal EIV outbreaks in 2015 were caused by Florida sublineage clade 2 strain (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Available EIV vaccines are effective (27), and observed differences in clinical signs and epidemic size in this study confirmed the importance of EI vaccination. Vaccine protection is adequate despite the unpredictable EIV evolution, given that vaccinal strains are regularly updated (26). EIV epidemiology in Croatia is just a part of the global EIV epidemiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Barbić¹,

Savić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2021

Rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti

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Equine influenza (EI) is one of the most important viral diseases of horses. The first equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype H7N7 was isolated in 1956. It was circulating worldwide until its disappearance in the 1980s. In contrast, EIV subtype H3N8, described in 1963, is still circulating in the horse population. Outbreaks of EI have been reported in Croatia since the 60s of the previous century. The first EIV subtype H3N8 was isolated in Croatia in 1968. Since then, the same subtype caused three EI outbreaks in Croatia in 1988Croatia in , 2004Croatia in and 2015 In July 2021, outbreaks of acute respiratory infection were reported in two stud farms in continental Croatia, with differences in severity of clinical signs and epidemic size. EIV subtype H3N8 was confirmed as a causative agent. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus is a member of Florida sublineage clade 1. It was the first evidence of the Florida sublineage clade 1 EIV circulation in our country because the last two outbreaks, 2004 and 2015, were caused by Florida sublineage clade 2. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of EIV subtype H3N8 isolated in Croatia from 1968 to 2021. Results confirmed that EIVs subtype H3N8 isolated in Croatia are closely related to other European strains isolated at the time of outbreaks in other European countries. Croatian isolates' evolution follows global EIV subtype H3N8 evolution, which indicates the sporadical introduction of the EIV in Croatia. In conclusion, molecular epidemiology of EIV subtype H3N8 in Croatia highlights the necessity of immunoprophylaxis with vaccines containing recent strains to protect the horse population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Barbić¹,

Savić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2021

Rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti

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“…Many of the cytokines and chemokines responsible for inducing antibacterial effector molecules and for coordinating the protective responses against lung bacterial infections are IFN inducible (mainly through IFNγ) [124] Type I IFNs can be protective or detrimental to the host during bacterial infection in a bacterium-specific manner [47,124]. In mouse models, a protective role for type I IFNs has been reported against Streptococcus pneumoniae [16,[125][126][127] by contributing to the optimal activation of macrophages [125]. In contrast, type I IFNs are detrimental for the host during Staphylococcus aureus infection [128].…”

Section: Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia Post Eiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, FC2 EIVs have predominately been isolated in Europe and Asia, whilst the majority of FC1 EIVs have been isolated in North America [14]. However, in 2018 FC1 EIV strains were suddenly detected in Europe and spread widely, causing many outbreaks in Europe, USA, and Africa from late 2018 to 2019 [15][16][17]. Interestingly, evolutionary distinct EIVs display different levels of virulence, with some strains causing longer periods of pyrexia and duration of coughing [18,19], although the underlying reasons are still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species

Rozario

Martínez-Sobrido

McSorley

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important respiratory pathogens of horses and humans. Infected individuals develop typical respiratory disorders associated with the death of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in infected areas. Virulence and risk of secondary bacterial infections vary among IAV strains. The IAV non-structural proteins, NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X are important virulence factors controlling AEC death and host immune responses to viral and bacterial infection. Polymorphism in these proteins impacts their function. Evidence from human and mouse studies indicates that upon IAV infection, the manner of AEC death impacts disease severity. Indeed, while apoptosis is considered anti-inflammatory, necrosis is thought to cause pulmonary damage with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as interleukin-33 (IL-33). IL-33 is a potent inflammatory mediator released by necrotic cells, playing a crucial role in anti-viral and anti-bacterial immunity. Here, we discuss studies in human and murine models which investigate how viral determinants and host immune responses control AEC death and subsequent lung IL-33 release, impacting IAV disease severity. Confirming such data in horses and improving our understanding of early immunologic responses initiated by AEC death during IAV infection will better inform the development of novel therapeutic or vaccine strategies designed to protect life-long lung health in horses and humans, following a One Health approach.

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“…Around the year 2000 the H3N8 EIV population divided into different lineages: the Florida Clade 1 (FC1) was primarily in North America but also observed in outbreak in other regions of the world, while the Florida Clade 2 (FC2) was found primarily in Europe. Despite their names being associated with Florida, USA, both virus clades have spread to many different countries and continents (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Wasik

Rothschild

Voorhees

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, Florida after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century the American lineage of EIV diverged into two Florida clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to clarify their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals both distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.

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Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

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