Antihypertensive and Antioxidant Properties from Whey Protein Hydrolysates Produced by Encapsulated Bacillus subtilis Cells

Encapsulation of Antihypertensive Peptides from Whey Proteins and Their Releasing in Gastrointestinal Conditions

“…As it can be observed, Table 3 shows that the identified sequences from f4 corresponded to residues of β-Lg and α-La proteins, which is consistent with the previous work performed by Alvarado et al [6], where it was demonstrated that the hydrolysis of WPC by B. subtilis for 6 h, produced hydrolysates with high content of residues of these proteins. Other reports such as Kobayashi et al [29], and Cicero and Borghi [30] also revealed that α-La and β-Lg are the major sources of ACE-inhibitory peptides, and their activity may be comparable to that of captopril, an antihypertensive drug.…”

“…The occurrence of these amino acids in the released peptides from whey hydrolysis was currently confirmed by Alvarado et al [6]. Whey protein produced from the hydrolysis process with B. subtilis enriched peptides with high content in amino acids residues as valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, arginine and isoleucine, and they were the principal contributors of ACE activity.…”

“…These results were attributed to WPC hydrolysis by the proteolytic action of serine protease and metalloprotease enzymes from B. subtilis [6], which resulted in a satisfactory release of ACE inhibitory peptides.…”

“…Especially, fragments 1 and 5 contain V and P in the first and last sequence position. Positive charged amino acid, such as arginine (A) and lysine (L) at the C-terminal were also found in these structures (fractions 1, 3, and 5); they are also known as amino acid contributors of ACE inhibitory or antihypertensive effect [6]. Meanwhile the digestion of non-encapsulated f4 (second sample control) showed other amino acid residues.…”

“…Some of the causes are their variable instability and their fast degradation within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by digestive enzymes. Therefore, the active molecules exert a partial health effect, and thus, their target stimulus is achieved also in limited form [5,6].…”