Antihypertensive therapy: nocturnal dippers and nondippers. Do we treat them differently?

Abstract

Hypertension is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Management of hypertension is generally based on office blood pressure since it is easy to determine. Since casual blood pressure readings in the office are influenced by various factors, they do not represent basal blood pressure. Dipping of the blood pressure in the night is a normal physiological change that can be blunted by cardiovascular risk factors and the severity of hypertension. Nondipping pattern is associated with disease severity, left ventricular hypertrophy, increased proteinuria, secondary forms of hypertension, increased insulin resistance, and increased fibrinogen level. Long-term observational studies have documented increased cardiovascular events in patients with nondipping patterns. Nocturnal dipping can be improved by administering the antihypertensive medications in the night. Long-term clinical trials have shown that cardiovascular events can be reduced by achieving better dipping patterns by administering medications during the night. Identifying the dipping pattern is useful for decisions to investigate for secondary causes, initiating treatment, necessity of chronotherapy, withdrawal or reduction of unnecessary medications, and monitoring after treatment initiation. Use of this concept at the primary care level has been limited because 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has been the only method for documenting dipping/nondipping status so far. This monitoring technique is expensive and inconvenient for routine usage. Simpler methods using home blood pressure monitoring systems are evolving to document basal blood pressure in the night, which would help in greater acceptance and use of the concept of dipper/nondipper in managing hypertension at the primary care level.

Non-Dipping Phenomenon; is it Reversible in Diabetic Hypertensive Cases?

“…Chronotherapy of hypertension is a new therapeutic option and benefits have been established in long-term studies with clinical outcomes as end points [12].…”

“…Antihypertensive medication administered in the night significantly improves the dipping pattern [12].…”

“…Simpler methods are evolving to document the basal BP at night, which would help in greater use of the concept of dipper/non-dipper in managing hypertension at the primary care level [12].…”

Sleep disorders in metropolitan residents

“…Сигналы от органов и тканей поступают в центральную нервную систему для настройки их работы и восстановления, вплоть до клеточного уровня [4]. Пульс и давление, как правило, снижаются на 10% от дневных значений [5], уходят мышечные спазмы и нервное напряжение, вырабатываются гормоны, регулирующие рост (у детей) и аппетит (у взрослых) [6], ускоряются процессы регенерации, формирования памяти и иммунитета [7].…”

One-size-fits-all management of hypertension: a key to poor control of hypertension in low income settings in sub-Saharan Africa?

“…Patients who do not achieve rapid BP control should undergo ABPM or should be considered for antihypertensive drug regimen switching (chronotherapy) from the morning regimen to the evening regimen according to the multitude of evidences from the literature, even when the pill is a diuretic (18,25). However, the latter strategy of switching pill regimen without an ABPM will not help in detecting extreme dippers who might largely benefit from a 12-hour duration (low trough-peak ratio) morning regimen anti-hypertensive than a 24-hour duration (high troughpeak ratio) anti-hypertensive medicine (26).…”