Antileishmanial potential of immunomodulator gallic acid against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis

Abstract

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect nearly one-sixth of the world's population, and leishmaniasis is one such disease. The eukaryotic protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania with nearly 20 species is known to cause the disease leishmaniasis and is prevalent in nearly hundred countries throughout the world. 1 Female phlebotomine sand flies are transmission vectors of the disease. Parasite species and host immune response determine the disease outcome, and the three major manifestations are cutaneous, visceral and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. 2 Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the deadliest of all the forms and is ranked as one of the world's leading parasitic killers with approximately 600 million people at risk across the globe and 7 th in loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (DNDi reports). In the Indian subcontinent and Africa, L. donovani is the aetiological agent of VL, while in the Mediterranean Basin, it is caused by L. infantum. 3 According to World Health Organization (WHO 2018), more than 95% of VL cases are clustered in 10 countries: India,

Human Lung Cancer (A549) Cell Line Cytotoxicity and Anti-Leishmania major Activity of Carissa macrocarpa Leaves: A Study Supported by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Metabolites Profiling and Molecular Docking

“…Gallic acid, a phenolic acid, has been discovered to be effective against L. major and L. donovani promastigotes [9,61], and it has also shown promise as an adjuvant to standard amphotericin B for the treatment of CL [62].…”

In silico and in vitro potentials of crocin and amphotericin B on Leishmania major: Multiple synergistic mechanisms of actions

“…Modulating immune responses with natural remedies and secondary products has been confirmed as a promising therapeutic approach [43,44]. Approximately 80% of the global public still uses herbal medicine for their clinical and healthcare requirements [38,45]. World Health Organization (WHO) rationalized its Traditional Medicine Strategy for 2014-2023 to promote medicinal plants [46,47].…”

Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐Quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry‐based metabolite profiling, quality evaluation, and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography

“…Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds are therapeutically active against various disorders. Polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds like Ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and Quercetin are active against leishmaniasis, inflammatory disorders, bacterial and fungal infections, fibrosis, diabetes, and obesity-like lifestyle disorders [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Essential oils like Thymol are effective as anti-leishmanial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, analgesic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and antitumor activities [20].…”