Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostanaand synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G

Abstract

BackgroundLeptospirosis, one of the most widespread zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide, is caused by spirochetes bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The present study examined inhibitory activity of purified xanthones and crude extracts from Garcinia mangostana against both non-pathogenic and pathogenic leptospira. Synergy between γ-mangostin and penicillin G against leptospires was also determined.MethodsMinimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts and purified xanthones from G. mangostana and penicillin G for a non-pathogenic (L. biflexa serovar Patoc) and pathogenic (L. interrogans serovar Bataviae, Autumnalis, Javanica and Saigon) leptospires were determined by using broth microdilution method and alamar blue. The synergy was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.ResultsThe results of broth microdilution test demonstrated that the crude extract and purified xanthones from mangosteen possessed antileptospiral activities. The crude extracts were active against all five serovars of test leptospira with MICs ranging from 200 to ≥ 800 μg/ml. Among the crude extracts and purified xanthones, garcinone C was the most active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100 μg/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC = 200 μg/ml). However, these MIC values were higher than those of traditional antibiotics. Combinations of γ-mangostin with penicillin G generated synergistic effect against L. interrogans serovars Bataviae, Autumnalis and Javanica (FIC = 0.52, 0.50, and 0.04, respectively) and no interaction against L. biflexa serovar Patoc (FIC =0.75). However, antagonistic activity (FIC = 4.03) was observed in L. interrogans serovar Saigon.ConclusionsCrude extracts and purified xanthones from fruit pericarp of G. mangostana with significant antibacterial activity may be used to control leptospirosis. The combination of xanthone with antibiotic enhances the antileptospiral efficacy.

In-Vitro Screening of Phyllanthus Amarus and Eclipta Alba Against Leptospira Autumnalis

“…All four crude extracts had greater MICs ranging from 200 to ≥ 800 µg/ml. The anti-leptospiral activity of five purified xanthones was variable in the range of 100 to ≥ 200 µg/ml (Seesom, et al, 2013). The above finding is in agreement with the present study that for PAE 20 to ≥ 160 µg/ml is giving 50 to 100% inhibition respectively.…”

Naturally Occurring Xanthones: Chemistry and Biology

“…Swertia species have also been investigated for the presence of essential elements [105][106][107]. Xanthones have been reported to display hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antileprosy, antioxidant, anticholinergic, mutagenicity [108,109], and radioprotective effect [110], immunomodulatory effect [111], antibone resorption [112], and antiparasitic effects [113], neuraminidase inhibitory [114], antimalarial [115], anticomplement [116], antifungal and algicidal [117], and anti-HIV activity [118], and cardioprotective, antitumoral, antibacterial, antidiabetes, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, antifungal [119], antidiabetic, hypolipidemic [120], analgesic, antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, antiamoebic, diuretic, antidiarrheal, larvicidal, ovicidal, antiprotozoal, antileptospiral, anti-TMV, and anticancer activities [121][122][123][124]. Xanthones from S. mussotii were evaluated for their anti-hepatitis B virus activity on HepG 2.2.15 cells line; they exhibited significant activity inhibiting hepatitis B virus DNA replication with IC 50 values from 0.01 mM to 0.13 mM [125].…”

Efektivitas in vitro Alfa Mangostin Pada Pertumbuhan Bakteri Uropatogen Escherichia coli Multiresisten

“…Alpha mangostin damage the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria rapidly, causing damage in intracellular component bacteria and cause the bacteria to die. A study conducted by Seesom et al (2013) stated that α-mangostin has the potential to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other studies on antibacterial activity of mangostin was coducted by Zou et al (2013) stating that the test on the effect of mangostin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae resulted in MIC of 40-50 µg/mL.…”

“…Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of alpha-mangostin against Gram + especially Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Seesom et al, 2013). Another study of Bhat and Daihan (2013) showed a moderate susceptibility of bacteria to xanthones in the extract of Garcinia mangostana L. is Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacilus subtilis and Escherichia coli.…”