Antimalarial drug resistance: linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic

Blasco, Benjamin; Leroy, Didier; Fidock, David A.

doi:10.1038/nm.4381

Cited by 459 publications

(456 citation statements)

References 182 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…Despite the development of chloroquine resistance throughout the world ( 73 – 75 ), chloroquine remains an effective antimalarial for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of malaria acquired from Hispaniola. Monitoring chloroquine resistance markers is recommended ( 76 – 80 ), and health care providers should contact CDC to assist with the evaluation of potential chloroquine failures identified after travel to Hispaniola.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Surveillance — United States, 2015

Mace

Arguin

Tan

2018

MMWR Surveill. Summ.

213

124

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Problem/ConditionMalaria in humans is caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. These parasites are transmitted by the bite of an infective female Anopheles species mosquito. The majority of malaria infections in the United States occur among persons who have traveled to regions with ongoing malaria transmission. However, malaria is occasionally acquired by persons who have not traveled out of the country through exposure to infected blood products, congenital transmission, laboratory exposure, or local mosquitoborne transmission. Malaria surveillance in the United States is conducted to provide information on its occurrence (e.g., temporal, geographic, and demographic), guide prevention and treatment recommendations for travelers and patients, and facilitate transmission control measures if locally acquired cases are identified.Period CoveredThis report summarizes confirmed malaria cases in persons with onset of illness in 2015 and summarizes trends in previous years.Description of SystemMalaria cases diagnosed by blood film microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, or rapid diagnostic tests are reported to local and state health departments by health care providers or laboratory staff members. Case investigations are conducted by local and state health departments, and reports are transmitted to CDC through the National Malaria Surveillance System (NMSS), the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), or direct CDC consultations. CDC reference laboratories provide diagnostic assistance and conduct antimalarial drug resistance marker testing on blood samples submitted by health care providers or local or state health departments. This report summarizes data from the integration of all NMSS and NNDSS cases, CDC reference laboratory reports, and CDC clinical consultations.ResultsCDC received reports of 1,517 confirmed malaria cases, including one congenital case, with an onset of symptoms in 2015 among persons who received their diagnoses in the United States. Although the number of malaria cases diagnosed in the United States has been increasing since the mid-1970s, the number of cases decreased by 208 from 2014 to 2015. Among the regions of acquisition (Africa, West Africa, Asia, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and the Middle East), the only region with significantly fewer imported cases in 2015 compared with 2014 was West Africa (781 versus 969). Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae were identified in 67.4%, 11.7%, 4.1%, and 3.1% of cases, respectively. Less than 1% of patients were infected by two species. The infecting species was unreported or undetermined in 12.9% of cases. CDC provided diagnostic assistance for 13.1% of patients with confirmed cases and tested 15.0% of P. falciparum specimens for antimalarial resistance markers. Of the U.S. resident patients who reported purpose of travel, 68.4% were visiting friends or relatives. A lower proportion of U.S. residents with malaria reported taking any chemoprophylaxis in 2015 (26.5...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Surveillance — United States, 2015

Mace

Arguin

Tan

2018

MMWR Surveill. Summ.

213

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…9,10,14 Only one drug (praziquantel) has been proven to be effective in the treatment of human schistosomiasis, with no vaccine available or in development so far. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Serious concerns about drug selectivity and resistance were raised in 2013 when over 30 million people were treated in Sub-Saharan Africa. 20 Moreover, observed resistance and reduced efficiency of praziquantel in laboratory strains have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities against Protozoal Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Cv¹,

Ntie‐Kang²,

Sh.³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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An absolute configuration of 5R seems to decrease activity of the compound IntroductionProtozoa may be considered as microscopic, essentially single-celled, eukaryotic organisms that are free-living or parasitic (obtaining their food by eating other organisms or their products) in nature. Parasitic protozoal diseases continue to be a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality globally. 1,2Parasitic protozoal diseases include malaria, 3,4 trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease), 5-7 leishmaniasis 8 and schistosomiasis. 9,10 They threaten almost one-third of the world's population, the most numerous incidents being recorded in over 100 Tropical and developing countries and territories, Figure 1. 11,12 Malaria, for example, was reported by the WHO, to be responsible for approximately 214 million sickness cases and 438,000 deaths globally in 2017. 13 The African region recorded the most death-related cases, especially amongst infants below the age of 5 and pregnant women. Schistosomiasis, caused by parasites of the Schistosoma genus are responsible for about 200 million sickness cases and about 280,000 death-related incidents annually worldwide.9,10,14 Only one drug (praziquantel) has been proven to be effective in the treatment of human schistosomiasis, with no vaccine available or in development so far.15-21 Serious concerns about drug selectivity and resistance were raised in 2013 when over 30 million people were treated in Sub-Saharan Africa. 20 Moreover, observed resistance and reduced efficiency of praziquantel in laboratory strains have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Trypanosomiasis, which represents several diseases caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, is also of interest. 5,27,29 This disease, which is much arguably the most important disease of man and domesticated animals, accounts for over 8 million reported annual cases globally, especially in the tropical regions of Latin America and Africa. 30,31 Although the present number of cases seems negligible on a worldwide scale, great socioeconomic effects on the endemic areas by this disease are forecast if inadequate attention (both at the communal, national, and international levels) is not given. 7,29,[32][33][34] Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania type, which is also transmitted by certain types of sandflies. 35,36 The diseases are reported by the WHO to be responsible for about 1 million new cases leading to approximately 30,000 deaths annually on a global scale. The major cause is linked to environmental changes A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TArticle history:English abstract: Parasitic diseases continue represent a threat on a global scale, particularly among the poorest countries in the world. This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines, and in some cases, resistance against available drugs, currently being used for their treatment. In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants (AMPs) for lead drug di...

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“…A new P. falciparum strain, PfPailin, that is resistant to artemisinin plus piperaquine, has been found. Data presented in the map are adapted from (7, 8). …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the parasite being resistant to almost every single-drug antimalarial regime (7), the spread of a multidrug-resistant P. falciparum lineage (PfPailin) in the Greater Mekong area of Southeast Asia was recently reported (8). This strain contains a dominant mutation in Pfkelch13 (mutations in this gene are associated with artemisinin resistance) and is also resistant to piperaquine.…”

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confidence: 99%