Antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella Heidelberg from Brazilian flocks did not increase for ten years (2006-2016)

Bassani, Juliana; Paravisi, Mariana; Wilsmann, Daiane Elisa; Borges, Karen Apellanis; Furian, Thales Quedi; Salle, Carlos Tadeu Pippi; Moraes, Hamilton Luiz de Souza; Nascimento, Vladimir Pinheiro do

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6818

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Whilst some isolates showed elevated MIC to several biocides and resistance to some antibiotics, they remained susceptible to a BKC product (Beier, Andrews, et al, 2021 ; Beier, Byrd et al, 2021 ). Bassani et al ( 2021 ) observed no differences in bacterial susceptibility to BKC or antibiotics in S. Heidelberg isolates over a 10‐year period.…”

Section: Benzalkonium Chloride and Bacterial ‘Resistance’mentioning

confidence: 97%

Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance

Maillard

2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.

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Section: Benzalkonium Chloride and Bacterial ‘Resistance’mentioning

confidence: 97%

Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance

Maillard

2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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“…A Brazilian comparison of biocide (sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride) use on AMR of S. Heidelberg isolated from poultry flocks in 2006 with those isolated in 2016 showed no increase in resistance/tolerance over this time period to either biocides or antibiotics (with the exception of tetracycline resistance which showed an increase), suggesting no signs co-selection from biocide use [95].…”

Section: Impact Of Biocides On Amr In Food Animal Productionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production

James,

Onarinde

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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The focus of this review was to assess what evidence exists on whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitizers) and certain metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production (both land and aquatic) leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. A comprehensive literature search identified 3434 publications, which after screening were reduced to 154 relevant publications from which some data were extracted to address the focus of the review. The review has shown that there is some evidence that biocides and metals used in food animal production may have an impact on the development of AMR. There is clear evidence that metals used in food animal production will persist, accumulate, and may impact on the development of AMR in primary animal and food production environments for many years. There is less evidence on the persistence and impact of biocides. There is also particularly little, if any, data on the impact of biocides/metal use in aquaculture on AMR. Although it is recognized that AMR from food animal production is a risk to human health there is not sufficient evidence to undertake an assessment of the impact of biocide or metal use on this risk and further focused in-field studies are needed provide the evidence required.

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Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production

James,

Onarinde

et al. 2023

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.

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Antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella Heidelberg from Brazilian flocks did not increase for ten years (2006-2016)

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance

Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance

A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production

Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production

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