Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Activities of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion

Abstract

In the current study, clove oil nanoemulsion (CL-nanoemulsion) and emulsion (CL-emulsion) were prepared through an ecofriendly method. The prepared CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM), where results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 32.67 nm in size and spherical in shape, while CL-nanoemulsion droplets were approximately 225.8 nm with a spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of CL-nanoemulsion and CL-emulsion was carried out using a microbroth dilution method. Results revealed that the preferred CL-nanoemulsion had minimal MIC values between 0.31 and 5 mg/mL. The antibiofilm efficacy of CL-nanoemulsion against S. aureus significantly decreased the development of biofilm compared with CL-emulsion. Furthermore, results illustrated that CL-nanoemulsion showed antifungal activity significantly higher than CL-emulsion. Moreover, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion exhibited outstanding antifungal efficiency toward Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus where MICs were 12.5, 3.12, 0.78, 1.56, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion was analyzed for its antineoplastic effects through a modified MTT assay for evaluating apoptotic and cytotoxic effects using HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed the lowest IC50 values (3.4-fold) in CL-nanoemulsion relative to that of CL-emulsion. Thus, CL-nanoemulsion induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inducing caspase-8 and -9 activity and suppressing VEGFR-2. In conclusion, the prepared CL-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo.

Ginger Oil Nanoemulsion Formulation Augments Its Antiproliferative Effect in Ehrlich Solid Tumor Model

“…The increased contrast observed at the interface of the oil droplets can be attributed to the affinity of uranyl acetate, which is utilized as a negative staining agent, toward the components present at the interface. The obtained results are in full agreement with the results obtained by Shehabeldine et al, who prepared a clove oil nanoemulsion so as to enhance its antimicrobial and anticancer activity, and they found that the TEM image of the prepared clove oil nanoemulsion was spherical in shape [59].…”

Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications

“…The applied hot steam is the main cause of the bursting and rupture of the cellular structure of the plant matrix. Consequently, EOs are released from the plant material until they reach a cooled condenser that causes the vapor to condense again into a liquid, formed by two immiscible phases: water and EOs [73,75], which can be separated using a Clevenger apparatus, a separation funnel, or other equipment [76].…”

Endophytic Aspergillus hiratsukae mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities

“…Green synthesis, also known as biosynthesis, is an inexpensive technique that is clean, safe, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly ( Lashin et al, 2023 ; Shehabeldine et al, 2023 ). This process uses biological entities to reduce, cap, and stabilize metal or metal oxide precursors to form nanoparticles (NPs): bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast, fungi, algae, and plant extract ( Dikshit et al, 2021 ; Albalawi et al, 2022 ; Hashem and El-Sayyad, 2023 ; Hashem et al, 2023c ).…”