Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Emergency Services at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in emergency department at Northern West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to declare the antimicrobial medication use in emergency Units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug consumption by emergency services at North West region hospitals. It included all adults, pediatrics and neonatal population. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The cost of antibiotics consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used was as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units at Emergency departments were (8,805.00) with average (1,761.00) per hospital. The highest general drug consumption was Azithromycin PO 200 mg/15 ml (4253) and Ceftriaxone IV 1 g (805) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (401) at Emergency departments. The total cost of antimicrobial consumption was (24,822.60 USD) and (4,964.52 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults Emergency departments was 59.85% (24,822.60 USD) followed by pediatrics Emergency departments 28.99% (7,197.03 USD) and Neonates Emergency departments of 11.16% (2,769.98 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem IV, Azithromycin PO and Moxifloxacin IV. It consumed more than 60 % of the cost burden. Conclusion: The Emergency department had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Emergency services are necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid necessary additional economic burden on healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

“…Thus, Various studies were conducted locally at the hospital in different departments, inpatient, outpatient, emergency, and critical care services to measure antibiotics consumption before the program implementation. [21][22][23] Furthermore, the rational usage of antibiotics at the primary care center. The study randomly selected 25 primary Heather centers and 120 centers in Riyadh city and included all pharmacy staff, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists to assess knowledge of rational usage.…”

“…Not sure) to Antibiotics misuse decrease sensitivity, Antibiotics can cause secondary infections, if a patient takes antibiotics the patient can be discontinued before the complete course, and the risk of antibiotic resistance is decreased with fewer antibiotic prescriptions. The odd ratio statistically significantly increased (p=0.000) with the answer (No) with Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions with age(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). The odd ratio was statistically significantly decreased (p=0.000) with the answer (Not sure) that Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions with age(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), as explored in Table5.…”

Infection Control Pharmacist: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

“…[3][4][5] The infection control starting from use necessary infection control measures of hand wishing techniques, using sanitizer or chemical disinfectant and isolation of infected cases, or isolated of cities form to enter and outer from it [3][4][5] Besides, several studies showed resistance bugs locally and overall the world, [6][7][8][9][10] and high consumption of broad spectrum of antibiotics and increased economic burden at emergency, inpatient ward, critical care and ambulatory care services. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Moreover, the pharmacy services consisted of m preparation, distribution and dispensing parenteral or ophthalmic medications. Those pharmacy units need bright places and preparation of sterile products.…”

Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Antibiotics Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia

“…Antibiotics are widely used locally and internationally. [1][2][3][4] There is a high consumption of antibiotics, which is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, especially in adult patients. Besides, antibiotics consumption was high in neonates and pediatrics.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Parental antibiotics most consumption at critical care and inpatient wards units, while the oral antibiotics are widely used at ambulatory care and emergency services. [1][2][3][4] The most antibiotics consumption was a very broad spectrum with the subsequent high economic burden on the healthcare system. [3,4] The parenteral antibiotics need preparation in multiple diluent solutions and various concentration based on local or international guidelines.…”