Antimicrobial Effects of Antipyretics

Abstract

Antipyretics are some of the most commonly used drugs. Since they are often coadministered with antimicrobial therapy, it is important to understand the interactions between these two classes of drugs. Our review is the first to summarize the antimicrobial effects of antipyretic drugs and the underlying mechanisms involved. Antipyretics can inhibit virus replication, inhibit or promote bacterial or fungal growth, alter the expression of virulence factors, change the surface hydrophobicity of microbes, influence biofilm production, affect the motility, adherence, and metabolism of pathogens, interact with the transport and release of antibiotics by leukocytes, modify the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics, and induce or reduce the frequency of mutations leading to antimicrobial resistance. While antipyretics may compromise the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, they can also be beneficial, for example, in the management of biofilm-associated infections, in reducing virulence factors, in therapy of resistant pathogens, and in inducing synergistic effects. In an era where it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new antimicrobial drugs, targeting virulence factors, enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, and reducing resistance may be important strategies.

Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Treated Wastewater Impact Microbial Growth

“…It is likely that there are many other factors involved in the interaction between hosts, CECs, and pathogenicity. Environmental factors such as pH (Zimmermann and Curtis, 2017) or carbon substrate availability (Hida et al, 2005) can influence potency of some CECs. Environmental factors can also influence a microorganism's ability to infect a given host (Jarosz and Burdon, 1988).…”

“…continue to be introduced in the environment, and have potential to impact human and aquatic life that would otherwise not be exposed to them (Kinney et al, 2006;Gros et al, 2010;EPA, 2019) Unfortunately, even after extensive treatment, CECs remain in the treated water (Kinney et al, 2006;Gros et al, 2010). The past consensus with these chemicals is that they do not pose much danger for human and environmental health since they occur in such low concentrations, and in the case of pharmaceuticals, well below therapeutic doses used for humans (Boxall et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2013;Zimmermann and Curtis, 2017). However, this notion has been eroded by the observations that sub-therapeutic concentrations of certain pharmaceuticals can impact microbial, plant, and insect life (Wang and Gunsch, 2011;Pennington et al, 2017Pennington et al, , 2018.…”

“…Acetaminophen (APAP), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and gemfibrozil (GEM) are synthetic pharmaceutical products that are commonly found in recycled wastewater. APAP is an antipyretic pain killer that has been observed to have antimicrobial properties at concentrations above therapeutic use (Zimmermann and Curtis, 2017), and observed to have growth promoting effects on microorganism at therapeutic concentrations (Carvalho et al, 2010). TMP and SMX are antibiotics that are commonly taken in combination, but exhibit antimicrobial effects independently (Reeves and Wilkinson, 1979;Hida et al, 2005;Tunali et al, 2012).…”

Біоплівки. Сучасний Стан І Перспективи Антимікробної Терапії

“…Саліцилова кислота та її похідні інгібують рухливість і плівкоутворення P. aeruginosa [38,39], у терапевтичних дозах -запобігають адгезії бактерій, у разі збільшення концентрації -пригнічують синтез адгезинів S. epidermidis, продукцію фімбрій і гемаглютиніну E. coli [38,40,41].…”

“…Ібупрофен характеризується активністю відносно біоплівок S. aureus і E. coli, пригнічує плівкоутворення на катетерах [44,45] та значно зменшує адгезію E. coli до клітин епітелію сечових шляхів, що пов'язане з впливом на продукцію фімбрій і зміною гідрофобності кишкової палички [40].…”