Antimicrobial effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms

Cao, Xianlong; Ye, Q.; Fan, Mingwen; Liu, C.

doi:10.1111/jam.14178

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The inhibitory effect of rubusoside on S. mutans biofilms is obviously related to the expression of related genes, but it is worth noting that the transcription levels of different genes are not completely consistent with those of the corresponding proteins. The levels of all proteins are also determined by posttranscriptional factors, including translational efficiency, posttranslational modification, and protein degradation (46). The effect of rubusoside on related proteins is due to the disruption of the spatial conformation of the protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rubusoside, a Natural Sucrose Substitute, on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Cariogenic Potential and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro

Guan

Che

Zhou

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease with Streptococcus mutans as the main pathogenic microorganism, and its incidence is closely related to sucrose. Rubusoside is a natural non-nutritive sweetener isolated from Rubus suavissimu S.Lee. This study was designed to determine the effect of the sucrose substitute on cariogenic properties and virulence gene expression of S. mutans biofilms. S. mutans was exposed to: BHI medium (as a control), BHI+1% sucrose, BHI+1% rubusoside, and BHI +1% xylitol. The growth curve of biofilm was monitored with crystal violet staining and pH was measured every 24 h. After 5 days, the biofilms formed on the glass coverslips were recovered to determine the biomass (dry weight and total soluble proteins), colony-forming units, and intra- and extracellular polysaccharides. Biofilm structural imaging was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The virulence gene expression (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, ftf, spaP, gbpB, ldh, atpF, vicR, and comD) was determined by rt-qPCR. Compared to growth in sucrose, xylitol and control, growth in rubusoside resulted in a lower acid production, while also reducing the biofilm accumulation, bacterial viability, and even reducing the production of extracellular polysaccharides. And less biofilm formation and extracellular matrix was observed through SEM in rubusoside than sucrose and xylitol. From the perspective of virulence genes, rubusoside and xylitol significantly inhibited expression of virulence genes compared with sucrose, among which, down-regulation of the gtfB, gtfC, gbpB, ldh, and comD was found in rubusoside than xylitol. Therefore, rubusoside appears to be less potential cariogenicity than sucrose and xylitol, and may become an effective sucrose substitute for caries prevention. Further studies need to deepen these findings. Importance Dental caries, as a major public health challenge, places a heavy biological, social and financial burden on individuals and health care systems. To palliate the deleterious effect of sucrose on the virulence factors of S. mutans, massive commercial products have oriented towards developing sucrose substitutes. Rubusoside, a natural sucrose substitute, is a plant extract with high sweetness. Although some studies have shown that rubusoside do not produce acids and inhibit the growth of S. mutans, little attention has been paid to dental biofilm and underlying mechanisms. Our study focuses on the effect of rubusoside on formation and structure of biofilm, and expression of virulence genes. Results confirms that rubusoside can inhibit accumulation, bacterial viability, polysaccharide production of biofilm, and inhibit related gene expression. These results provide further insight into the cariogenicity of S. mutans biofilm, and demonstrate a new perspective for studying the impact of sucrose substitutes on caries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rubusoside, a Natural Sucrose Substitute, on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Cariogenic Potential and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro

Guan

Che

Zhou

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…So, the anti-inflammatory effects alone may not be sufficient to address all of the efficacy of YH23537 in this model. YH23537 has various biologically known or unknown active compounds which result in anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, tissue-regenerating, and antioxidative stress effects [ 27 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 37 , 38 ]. For example, ginsenoside Rg1 was found to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells [ 39 ] while grape seed extracts, green tea extracts, and horse chestnut leaf extracts, containing various active compounds, have demonstrated to alleviate experimental periodontitis [ 40 – 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs

Shin

Lee

Noh

et al. 2023

International Journal of Dentistry

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Currently, available medicine does not satisfy the clinical unmet needs of periodontal disease. Therefore, novel drugs with improved efficacy profiles are needed. We previously demonstrated that YH14642, water extracts of Notoginseng Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, improved probing depths in double-blind phase II clinical trial. However, it still has hurdles for commercialization due to the low efficiency of active compound extraction. To resolve this issue, we developed YH23537 through process optimization to extract active compounds efficiently while still achieving the chemical profile of YH14642. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of YH23537 compared with YH14642 using a canine model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells were treated with various concentrations of YH23537 or YH14642 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the conditioned media were determined using Luminex. Sixteen 3-year-old male beagle dogs had their teeth scaled and polished using a piezo-type ultrasonic scaler under general anesthesia and brushed once daily for the following 2 weeks. Two weeks after the scaling procedure, the left upper second premolar (PM2), third premolar (PM3), and fourth premolar (PM4) as well as the left lower PM3, PM4, and first molar (M1) were ligated with silk-wire twisted ligatures. The dogs were fed with soft moistened food to induce periodontitis for 8 weeks, and the ligatures were then removed. YH23537 and YH14642 were administered for 4 weeks, and clinical periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were determined before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment. YH23537 inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in hGF cells stimulated with LPS. The IC50 values for YH23537 were 43 and 54 μg/ml for IL-6 and IL-8, respectively, while the values for YH14642 were 104 and 117 μg/ml, respectively. In the animal study, clinical parameters including GI, PD, CAL, and BoP were significantly increased after 8 weeks of ligature-induced periodontitis. The YH23537 300 and YH23537 900 mg groups had significant improvements in CAL from 1 to 4 weeks after treatment in comparison to the placebo group. GR values in the YH23537 900 mg group were decreased throughout the treatment period. GI values were also reduced significantly after 4-week treatment with 300 and 900 mg of YH23537. YH23537 at 300 mg doses showed comparable efficacy for CAL and GR with 1,000 mg of YH14642. YH23537 showed therapeutic efficacy against periodontitis in dogs, mediated by anti-inflammatory effects. These findings indicate that YH23537 has the potential for further development as a new drug for patients suffering from periodontal disease.

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“…Also, the concentration of agents and the duration of exposure affect their anti-caries efficiency [26]. A high concentration of chemical agents can unbalance the oral flora and have adverse side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal desquamation [27], and tooth staining [28]. Therefore, exploiting alternative natural products as preventive measures for dental caries could be promising for dental caring.…”

Section: Chemical Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms

et al. 2020

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Dental caries is one of the most common microbe-mediated oral diseases in human beings. At present, the accepted etiology of caries is based on a four-factor theory that includes oral microorganisms, oral environment, host, and time. Excessive exposure to dietary carbohydrates leads to the accumulation of acid-producing and acid-resistant microorganisms in the mouth. Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm adherent to the enamel surface. Effective preventive methods include inhibiting the cariogenic microorganisms, treatment with an anti-biofilm agent, and sugar intake control. The goal is to reduce the total amount of biofilm or the levels of specific pathogens. Natural products could be recommended for preventing dental caries, since they may possess fewer side effects in comparison with synthetic antimicrobials. Herein, the mechanisms of oral microbial community development and functional specialization are discussed. We highlight the application of widely explored natural products in the last five years for their ability to inhibit cariogenic microorganisms.

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Antimicrobial effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Effect of Rubusoside, a Natural Sucrose Substitute, on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Cariogenic Potential and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro

Effect of Rubusoside, a Natural Sucrose Substitute, on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Cariogenic Potential and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro

Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs

Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms

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