Antimicrobial efficacy of Aloe vera, lemon, Ricinus communis, and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: A confocal microscopic study

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of different intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis using confocal microscopy. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were used in this study, which were decoronated and instrumented with K-files following which biomechanical preparation was performed up to ProTaper F3. The teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis and incubated for 21 days. The specimens were divided into five groups according to the medicaments used: saline, calcium hydroxide, Aloe vera , Ricinus communis , and lemon extract. After 7 days of placement of intracanal medicament, the efficacy of the intracanal medicament against E. faecalis was assessed using confocal microscopy. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey HSD ( post hoc ) test for multiple comparisons. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed significantly greater antimicrobial efficacy than A. vera , lemon, and R. communis ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Complete elimination of E. faecalis was not achieved in any of the experimental groups. Calcium hydroxide was more effective than the other herbal medicaments used.

Anti-bacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against E. Faecalis in comparison to other intracanal medicaments: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In total, 12 full-text articles were read thoroughly according to the inclusion criteria from the other method reference folder, and the remaining 18 studies that met the eligibility criteria adequately were from the main databases; no study from the “other method reference” folder was included. The final 18 studies were included in the qualitative analysis ( Abbaszadegan et al, 2016 , Athiban et al, 2012 , Babaji et al, 2016 , Bazvand et al, 2014 , Bhardwaj et al, 2012 , Ehsani et al, 2013 , Eskandarinezhad et al, 2022 , Ghasemi et al, 2020 , Goud et al, 2018 , Ismail et al, 2020 , Karkare et al, 2015 , Noushad et al, 2017 , Ramamurthy et al, 2017 , Sahebi et al, 2014 , Sailaja et al, 2020 , Valera et al, 2013 , Vasudeva et al, 2017 , Vinothkumar et al, 2013 ), and nine studies were included in the meta -analysis ( Bazvand et al, 2014 , Bhardwaj et al, 2012 , Eskandarinezhad et al, 2022 , Ghasemi et al, 2020 , Goud et al, 2018 , Sahebi et al, 2014 , Sailaja et al, 2020 , Valera et al, 2013 , Vasudeva et al, 2017 ). The agreement between reviewers was evaluated with the support of statistics ( Landis and Koch, 1977 ), which showed a high agreement (0.75) among them.…”

Antibacterial effectiveness of multi-strain probiotics supernatants intracanal medication on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in a tooth model

“…Each root canal was inoculated with E. faecalis suspension using a sterile insulin syringe and incubated at 37 °C for 21 days under aseptic aerobic conditions. The inoculation was repeated every 3 days to ensure the viability of the bacteria [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Biologically Active Plant-Derived Substances With Antimicrobial Properties

“…An inhibitory effect of aloe on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli and the fungi Candida albicans and the formation of biofilm by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been demonstrated [11,13]. The antimicrobial activity of A. vera against E. faecalis is attributed to anthraquinones [13].…”

“…An inhibitory effect of aloe on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli and the fungi Candida albicans and the formation of biofilm by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been demonstrated [11,13]. The antimicrobial activity of A. vera against E. faecalis is attributed to anthraquinones [13]. Studies conducted by Tariq et al have shown that some tested fractions of A. vera, differing in total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), significantly inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (MIC 0.70, 0.71, 7.72, 8.68 μg/ml) [10].…”