Antimicrobial growth promoter use in livestock: a requirement to understand their modes of action to develop effective alternatives

Brown, Kirsty; Uwiera, Richard R. E.; Kalmokoff, Martin; Brooks, Steve; Inglis, G. Douglas

doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.08.006

Cited by 180 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Despite the considerable health benefits that AGPs confer on livestock, the biological mechanisms by which AGPs function are poorly understood, in large part as a result of the complex interactions between the microbiome and the host intestine20. To address this, we examined the effects of two model AGPs, CTC and TYL, on host immune function and metabolism in gnotobiotic mice with a simplified microbiota containing eight taxa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may include decreased competition for nutrients, prevention of pathogen colonization, and/or selecting for bacteria that are better able to extract more energy from the diet9. However, no single bacterium or group of bacteria has been identified that is linked to enhanced growth following treatment with AGPs20. It is well known that antibiotics administered at therapeutic concentrations can affect the host by directly modulating immune function and reducing inflammation13, and this has stimulated the emergence of host-centric (immunomodulation) hypotheses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immunomodulation hypothesis suggests that AGPs dampen physiological inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, decreasing the catabolic costs to the host of maintaining an immune response thereby allowing more nutritional resources to be dedicated to anabolic processes involved in growth67. Although the majority of studies conducted to date have examined the physiological effects of AMAs at therapeutic concentrations, a limited number of studies have examined host effects of AMAs administered at non-therapeutic concentrations20. For example, the administration of vancomycin and penicillin at non-therapeutic doses to mice increased adiposity by altering hepatic metabolism of lipids and cholesterol1735.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial growth promoters modulate host responses in mice with a defined intestinal microbiota

Brown

Zaytsoff

Uwiera

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Antibiotics can promote growth in livestock (antimicrobial growth promoters, AGPs), however lack of knowledge regarding mechanisms has hampered the development of effective non-antibiotic alternatives. Antibiotics affect eukaryotic cells at therapeutic concentrations, yet effects of AGPs on host physiology are relatively understudied, partially due to the complexity of host-microorganism interactions within the gastrointestinal tract. To determine the direct effects of AGPs on the host, we generated Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF) mice, and administered chlortetracycline (CTC) and tylosin phosphate (TYL) in feed. Mice were challenged with Citrobacter rodentium to determine how AGPs alter host responses to physiological stress. Although CTC and TYL had inconsistent effects on the ASF taxa, AGPs protected mice from weight loss following C. rodentium inoculation. Mice treated with either CTC or TYL had lower expression of βd1 and Il17a in the intestine and had a robust induction of Il17a and Il10. Furthermore, AGP administration resulted in a lower hepatic expression of acute phase proteins (Saa1, Hp, and Cp) in liver tissue, and ameliorated C. rodentium-induced reductions in the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis (Hmgcl and Fabp1). Collectively, this indicates that AGPs directly affect host physiology, and highlights important considerations in the development of non-antibiotic alternatives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial growth promoters modulate host responses in mice with a defined intestinal microbiota

Brown

Zaytsoff

Uwiera

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…However, the demand for a better and safer protein source for human consumption, free from infectious agents, is gaining attention. Antibiotics growth promoters (AGPs) have been widely used as an effective tool in livestock and poultry to provide protection against pathogens as well as to maintain health and productivity, Brown, Uwiera, Kalmokoff, Brooks, and Inglis (). Thus, dietary antibiotics not only improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, but also control enteric diseases, Kim, Seo, Kim, and Paik ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis B21 and Bacillus licheniformis B26 improve intestinal health and performance of broiler chickens with Clostridium perfringens‐induced necrotic enteritis

Musa

Duan

Hayat

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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This study investigated the influence of Bacillus‐based probiotics on performance and intestinal health in broiler challenged with Clostridium perfringens‐induced necrotic enteritis. One‐day‐old Arbor Acre (n = 480) were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 cages of 12 birds: (a) basal diet negative control (NC), with no probiotics nor antibiotics formulated to contain 2,930 and 3,060 kcal/kg with 24.07 and 15.98% CP, for starter and finisher diet, respectively, (b) basal diet + enramycin (5 mg/kg), an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP); (c) basal diet + Bacillus subtilis B21 at 2 × 109 CFU per g (BS); (d) basal diet + Bacillus licheniformis B26 at 2 × 109 CFU per g (BL); growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal lesion scores, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and mucosal barrier tight junction's (TJ) mRNA expression were assessed. NC‐ and BL‐fed groups showed higher (p = 0.005) average daily feed intake from d1 to d21 than AGP and BS, whereas BS‐ and AGP‐fed groups showed higher average daily weight gain from d22 to d42 and d1 to d42 of age. Higher mortality rate of (12.5%) and lower of (5.5%) were recorded in AGP and NC fed‐groups respectively, lesion score was higher in BS and BL than in AGP, while no lesion was observed in NC group, results revealed higher duodenum and jejunum villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) compared with NC and BS. Probiotics‐fed groups showed higher total (SCFAs), acetic and butyric acid concentrations at d21 post‐challenge (PC) than other groups. The expression of claudin‐1 was upregulated in duodenum (d7) PC and in jejunum (d7) and (d21) PC in BL group, while at d21 PC, the expression of occludens was higher in jejunum and ileum by AGP and BL. The present study indicated both BS and BL have some similarity with AGP in preventing or partially preventing NE effect in broilers.

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“…Antibiotic growth promoters have been used in swine production to improve growth performance and maintain health for more than 50 years (Allen, Levine, Looft, Bandrick, & Casey, ). However, due to the concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in animal products, several countries have completely or partially banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters (Brown, Uwiera, Kalmokoff, Brooks, & Inglis, ). In this context, extensive studies have been conducted to explore alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different levels of dietary protein with or without plant extract YGF251 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs

Lei

Lee

Kim

2019

Animal Science Journal

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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant extract YGF251 supplementation in different protein level diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 144 pigs (24.72 ± 1.54 kg) were randomly assigned to the treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of dietary protein levels (15.50%, 14.00% or 12.50%) and plant extract YGF251 levels (0 or 0.05%) with 6 replications per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Pigs fed low protein diets had reduced average daily gain (p < 0.05) and increased feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) compared with pigs fed high protein diets. The apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen was decreased (p < 0.05) when reducing dietary protein level. Fecal ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced (p < 0.05) when reducing dietary protein level. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that reducing dietary protein level impaired growth performance and nitrogen digestibility but reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions in growing pigs. Dietary supplementation with 0.05% herbal extract YGF251 was not effective in improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or in decreasing gas emission in different protein diets.

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Antimicrobial growth promoter use in livestock: a requirement to understand their modes of action to develop effective alternatives

Cited by 180 publications

References 114 publications

Antimicrobial growth promoters modulate host responses in mice with a defined intestinal microbiota

Antimicrobial growth promoters modulate host responses in mice with a defined intestinal microbiota

Bacillus subtilis B21 and Bacillus licheniformis B26 improve intestinal health and performance of broiler chickens with Clostridium perfringens‐induced necrotic enteritis

Effects of different levels of dietary protein with or without plant extract YGF251 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs

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