Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a critical role in controlling innate and acquired immune responses. Local dysregulation of AMP is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases as a response to periodontal pathogen challenge. Changes in AMP expression also characterize tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis, which are established risk factors of periodontal diseases, suggesting AMP may act as putative mechanistic links between these. The aim was to evaluate and summarize critically the current evidence pertaining to interrelationships between AMPs, periodontal diseases and selected periodontal disease risk factors. General and theme specific keywords were used to search the PUBMED database for studies relevant to AMP, periodontal diseases, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis and critically reviewed. A total of 131 abstracts and 119 full text articles were screened for relevance; 13 studies were selected for inclusion after critical review. Local AMP dysregulation characteristic to periodontal diseases appears to occur within a broader landscape of complex systemic immune perturbations independently induced by smoking, metabolic and rheumatoid disease. The nature of these interactions and mechanistic pathways involved are inadequately understood. AMPs could be possible mechanistic interlinks between periodontal diseases and its risk factors. However, such evidence is very limited and more in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to clarify the nature of such relationships. A greater understanding of AMPs as shared mediators is essential for unraveling their value as therapeutic or biomarker candidates.

Salivary and serum cathelicidin LL‐37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis

“…14 More recently, it has been recognized as playing a critical role in immune regulation due to its pro-and anti-inflammatory properties. 11 A growing number of studies are supporting its role in driving chronic inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease, 15 lung cancer, 16 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 17 systemic sclerosis, 18 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and RA, 19 rosacea, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. 20 All these conditions have been associated with overexpression of LL-37 which is responsible for enhancing the local tissue inflammatory response.…”

“…22 A systematic review has suggested that LL-37 may be a possible link between CP and RA. 19 Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the levels of salivary and serum LL-37 of CP subjects with and without RA and its correlation with disease parameters.…”

Efeitos da administração de Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 na periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratos portadores de artrite reumatoide experimental

“…Na AR, a elevação de IL-6 está correlacionada com a destruição articular e progressão da doença (BRZUSTEWICZ; BRYL, 2015). Desse modo, AR e PE estão associadas a altos e persistentes níveis de IL-6 (BARTOLD;HAYNES, 2005;SCHETT, 2007;BRENNAN;McINNES, 2008;de PABLO et al, 2009;GARLET, 2010;LI;COCHRAN, 2011 (YU et al, 2007;ESKAN et al, 2012). Outro achado interessante é que, quando a terapia de bloqueio de TNF-α foi administrada, em modelo de CIA e em humanos, levando a uma diminuição de TNF-α, ocorreu também um aumento na expressão de células Th17 e Th1, produtoras de IL-17 e IFN γ, respectivamente (NOTLEY et al, 2008).…”

“…Tanto as doenças periodontais como vários de seus fatores de risco estabelecidos envolvem perturbações no eixo imune-inflamatório (LI et al, 2018). Há extensas evidências epidemiológicas e experimentais fundamentando o papel de vários fatores de risco na iniciação, progressão e severidade da DP (GENCO; BORGNAKKE, 2013).…”

“…Os fatores de risco para a PE podem ser classificados em dois tipos: modificáveis e não modificáveis. Os fatores de risco que não podem ser modificados incluem gravidez, alterações hormonais femininas, osteoporose, artrite reumatoide (AR), predisposição genética, desordens hematológicas (leucemia e quimioterapia), alterações da imunidade, como a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, e também a idade e o sexo (ALBANDAR, 2005;BORGNAKKE, 2013;AlJEHANI, 2014;REYNOLDS, 2014;LI et al, 2018). Já os fatores de risco modifícáveis incluem o tabagismo, diabetes mellitus pobremente controlado, obesidade e síndrome metabólica, doenças cardiovasculares, estresse psicológico, condições induzidas por drogas e consumo dietético inadequado de cálcio e vitamina D. Para o tratamento e controle da DP, é importante a busca pela eliminação ou modificação destes fatores de risco modificáveis BORGNAKKE, 2013;WARREN et al, 2014; REYNOLDS, 2014, KINANE; STATHOPOULOU; PAPAPANOU, 2017).…”