Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis in HIV-Infected Patients

Scwingel, Agnes Roberta; Barcessat, Ana Rita Pinheiro; Núñez, Silvia Cristina; Ribeiro, Martha S.

doi:10.1089/pho.2012.3225

Cited by 69 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…MB combined with red light has been employed as a promising and safe alternative in several clinical dental procedures [4, 28, 29]. One simple and efficient way to increase the photodynamic reaction rate and, consequently, the microbial inactivation potential is to uniformly improve the light intensity reaching photosensitizer molecules nearby or in direct contact with cellular structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time evaluation of two light delivery systems for photodynamic disinfection of Candida albicans biofilm in curved root canals

et al. 2014

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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) combined with endodontic treatment has been recognized as an alternative approach to complement conventional root canal disinfection methods on bacterial biofilms. We developed an in vitro model of bioluminescent Candida albicans biofilm inside curved dental root canals and investigated the microbial reduction produced when different light delivery methods are employed. Each light delivery method was evaluated in respect to the light distribution provided inside curved root canals. After conventional endodontic preparation, teeth were sterilized before canals were contaminated by a bioluminescent strain of C. albicans (CEC789). Methylene blue (90 µM) was introduced into the canals and then irradiated (λ=660 nm, P=100 mW, beam diameter=2 mm) with laser tip either in contact with pulp chamber or within the canal using an optical diffuser fiber. Light distribution was evaluated by CCD camera, and microbial reduction was monitored through bioluminescence imaging. Our findings demonstrated that the bioluminescent C. albicans biofilm model had good reproducibility and uniformity. Light distribution in dental tissue was markedly dependent on the light delivery system, and this strategy was directly related to microbial destruction. Both light delivery systems performed significant fungal inactivation. However, when irradiation was performed with optical diffuser fiber, microbial burden reduction was nearly 100 times more effective. Bioluminescence is an interesting real-time analysis to endodontic C. albicans biofilm inactivation. APDT showed to be an effective way to inactivate C. albicans biofilms. Diffuser fibers provided optimized light distribution inside curved root canals and significantly increased APDT efficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time evaluation of two light delivery systems for photodynamic disinfection of Candida albicans biofilm in curved root canals

et al. 2014

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“…67 Photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue is effective against several pathogens, including bacteria, 68 fungi, 69 and herpes virus, 70 and has also been shown to aid in wound healing. 71 Methylene blue is a reversible competitive inhibitor of both monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rotenone-induced nigrostriatal toxicity is reduced by methylene blue

Abdel-Salam¹,

Omara²,

Youness³

et al. 2014

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This study investigated the effect of subcutaneously injected methylene blue on oxidative stress and nigrostriatal damage induced in the rat brain by systemic rotenone injection. Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg (injected subcutaneously three times per week) was given alone or in combination with methylene blue (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg subcutaneously daily) for 2 weeks. Brain concentrations of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide (nitrite), and acetylcholinesterase, paraoxonase 1 activity, and the antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) were determined. Histopathology, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Injection of rotenone resulted in increased oxidative stress in different regions of the brain. Substantial increases in malondialdehyde (by 59.6%-77.3%) and nitric oxide (by 43.7%-58.7%) were observed in the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and medulla of rotenone-treated rats. Meanwhile, glutathione decreased by 24.3%-59.8% in these brain regions. Rotenone administration was associated with a significant decrease in paraoxonase 1 activity in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, medulla, midbrain, and cerebellum (by 66%-73.6%). Further, acetylcholinesterase activity decreased by 44.4% in the cortex and Bcl-2 decreased in the striatum by 33.9% after rotenone injection. Rotenone induced a marked decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and increased both TNF-α and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the striatum. These effects of rotenone were substantially reduced by coadministration of methylene blue, which resulted in significantly decreased malondialdehyde and nitrite and increased glutathione in different regions of the brain. In addition, there was increased paraoxonase 1 and acetylcholinesterase activity in response to treatment with methylene blue. Bcl-2 levels in the striatum increased significantly after the highest dose of methylene blue. Methylene blue also significantly decreased striatal expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 (apoptosis), and the degree of neuronal degeneration and gliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and hippocampus. Treatment with methylene blue resulted in an increased number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebral cortex, compared with the rotenone control group. The present findings suggest that treatment with methylene blue could prevent neuronal degeneration induced by rotenone injection in the rat brain. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, and by enhancement of apoptotic markers and acetylcholinesterase activity.

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“…7,[22][23][24] It is important to establish protocols that enhance the selectivity of the photodynamic process toward microbial targets for the clinical application of aPDT, with minimal collateral damage to the hosts. 25,26 It is also important to establish protocols for the complete removal of bacteria without damaging cells when removing bacteria from cell lines using aPDT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma Removal from Cell Culture Using Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

Hasebe

Ishikawa

Shamsul³

et al. 2013

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

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Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the removal of mycoplasmas from contaminated cells. Background data: Mycoplasmas often contaminate cell cultures. The cell-contaminating mycoplasmas are removed by antibiotics, but the use of antibiotics usually induces antibiotic-resistant bacteria. aPDT is expected to be a possible alternative to antibiotic treatments for suppressing infections. Materials and Methods: Mycoplasma salivarium (Ms)-infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were irradiated using a red light-emitting diode (LED) in the presence of methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer. The Ms viable count was determined using culture on agar plates or using a mycoplasma detection kit. Results: aPDT performed using red LED irradiation was effective in decreasing live Ms in the presence of MB without damaging the HEK293 cells. aPDT removed live Ms from the infected cells after washing the cells with sterilized phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to decrease the initial number of live Ms before aPDT. Conclusions: This study suggests that aPDT could remove mycoplasmas from contaminated cells.

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Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis in HIV-Infected Patients

Cited by 69 publications

References 21 publications

Real-time evaluation of two light delivery systems for photodynamic disinfection of Candida albicans biofilm in curved root canals

Real-time evaluation of two light delivery systems for photodynamic disinfection of Candida albicans biofilm in curved root canals

Rotenone-induced nigrostriatal toxicity is reduced by methylene blue

Mycoplasma Removal from Cell Culture Using Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

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