Antimicrobial Phytoprotectants and Fungal Pathogens: A Commentary

Osbourn, Anne

doi:10.1006/fgbi.1999.1133

Cited by 86 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…These interactions include largely a negative effect on germination, growth, development, distribution and behaviour of other organisms (Rizvi andRizvi 1992, Einhellig 1995). Secondary metabolites with antifungal activity derived from plants may be preformed inhibitors that are present constitutively in healthy plants (phytoanticipins), or they may be synthesized de novo in response to pathogen attack or another stress conditions (phytoalexins) (Morrisey and Osbourn, 1999;Osbourn, 1996Osbourn, , 1999Dixon, 2001). These definitions are based on the dynamic of the synthesis of the antifungal molecule, not on its chemical structure, which can be unclear sometimes due to the same compound, can act as phytoalexins in one plant and as phytoanticipin in another.…”

Section: Plant Secondary Metabolites With Antifungal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced plant secondary metabolites for phytopatogenic fungi control: a review

Ribera

Zúñiga

2012

J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.

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Pathogenic fungi constitute one of the main infectious agents in plants, causing alterations during developmental stages including post-harvest. Phytopathogenic fungi are controlled by synthetic fungicides; however, the use of these is progressively restricted due to both, the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health and the appearance of highly resistant fungal strains. Therefore, there is a great demand for novel natural fungicides. Higher plants are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites of wide variety such as tannins, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds, reported to have in vitro antifungal properties. Thus, secondary metabolites with antifungal activity represent an alternative for achieving a sustainable control of phytopathogenic fungi and to reduce the heavy reliance of synthetic pesticides used to control them. Plant antifungal metabolites may be preformed inhibitors that are present constitutively in healthy plants (phytoanticipins), or they may be synthesized de novo in response to pathogen attack or another stress conditions (phytoalexins). These molecules may be used directly or considered as a precursor for developing better fungicidal molecules. This review presents a selection of antifungal agents induced in plants during fungal attack that can be potentially used for phytopathogenic fungi control in crops.

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Section: Plant Secondary Metabolites With Antifungal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced plant secondary metabolites for phytopatogenic fungi control: a review

Ribera

Zúñiga

2012

J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.

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“…Expression of this gene is also up-regulated after infection of potato tubers with the compatible fungus Botritys cinerea and down-regulated by the virulent bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These observations are congruent with the hypothesis that the StSN2 is a component of both constitutive and inducible defense barriers.An important component of plant defense is a diverse set of constitutive and pathogen-inducible antimicrobial compounds that includes the so-called pathogenesis-related proteins, several families of antimicrobial peptides, a variety of chemically diverse organic compounds classified as phytoalexins and phytoanticipins, and certain active oxygen and nitrogen species (Osbourn, 1996(Osbourn, , 1999 Broekaert et al, 1997;Kombrink and Somssich, 1997; García-Olmedo et al, 1998). Accumulation of these compounds and the ability of a given pathogen to deal with them may be decisive for the outcome of the interaction (Titarenko et al, 1997a;Ló pez-Solanilla et al, 1998Miguel et al, 2000; Alamillo and García-Olmedo, 2001;García-Olmedo et al, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Snakin-2, an Antimicrobial Peptide from Potato Whose Gene Is Locally Induced by Wounding and Responds to Pathogen Infection

et al. 2002

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The peptide snakin-2 (StSN2) has been isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum cv Jaerla) tubers and found to be active (EC 50 ϭ 1-20 m) against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. It causes a rapid aggregation of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The corresponding StSN2 cDNA encodes a signal sequence followed by a 15-residue acidic sequence that precedes the mature StSN2 peptide, which is basic (isoelectric point ϭ 9.16) and 66 amino acid residues long (molecular weight of 7,025). The StSN2 gene is developmentally expressed in tubers, stems, flowers, shoot apex, and leaves, but not in roots, or stolons, and is locally up-regulated by wounding and by abscisic acid treatment. Expression of this gene is also up-regulated after infection of potato tubers with the compatible fungus Botritys cinerea and down-regulated by the virulent bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These observations are congruent with the hypothesis that the StSN2 is a component of both constitutive and inducible defense barriers.An important component of plant defense is a diverse set of constitutive and pathogen-inducible antimicrobial compounds that includes the so-called pathogenesis-related proteins, several families of antimicrobial peptides, a variety of chemically diverse organic compounds classified as phytoalexins and phytoanticipins, and certain active oxygen and nitrogen species (Osbourn, 1996(Osbourn, , 1999 Broekaert et al., 1997;Kombrink and Somssich, 1997; García-Olmedo et al., 1998). Accumulation of these compounds and the ability of a given pathogen to deal with them may be decisive for the outcome of the interaction (Titarenko et al., 1997a;Ló pez-Solanilla et al., 1998Miguel et al., 2000; Alamillo and García-Olmedo, 2001;García-Olmedo et al., 2001). Thus, it has been shown that increased levels of certain antimicrobial peptides, either through overexpression of the corresponding genes or by appropriate exogenous treatments, result in enhanced tolerance to particular pathogens (Carmona et al., 1993; Terras et al., 1995; Epple et al., 1997;Molina and García-Olmedo, 1997; Holtorf et al., 1998; Thomma et al., 1998 Thomma et al., , 1999.Furthermore, pathogen mutants that are sensitive to antimicrobial peptides show decreased virulence when inoculated in the plant (Titarenko et al., 1997a; Ló pez-Solanilla et al., 1998).Several families of antimicrobial peptides have been characterized in plants ( García-Olmedo et al., 1992, 1995 Broekaert et al., 1997). The majority of them are Cys-rich and their globular structure is stabilized by disulphide bridges, although linear Gly-/His-rich and macrocyclic Cysknot peptides have also been recently identified (Tam et al., 1999;Park et al., 2000). The peptides are generally encoded by multigenic families in which some genes are developmentally regulated in certain tissues, whereas others are pathogen inducible, and a number of them show both constitutive and pathogen-inducible expression (García-Olmedo et al., 1995 Broekaert et al., 1997).In a previous...

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“…Plants protect themselves against the threat of fungal pathogens with preexisting structural and chemical defenses, including the plant cell wall (40), waxes, and antimicrobial compounds, such as phytoanticipins and saponins (33,41). Perception of a fungal pathogen leads to rapid induction of defense responses, including generation of reactive oxygen species, cell wall reinforcement, synthesis of phytoalexins, accumulation of pathogenesisrelated proteins (PR proteins), and a change in protein phosphorylation status (20,41).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonpathogenic Strains ofColletotrichum lindemuthianumTrigger Progressive Bean Defense Responses during Appressorium-Mediated Penetration

Veneault‐Fourrey

Laugé

Langin

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The fungal bean pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum differentiates appressoria in order to penetrate bean tissues. We showed that appressorium development in C. lindemuthianum can be divided into three stages, and we obtained three nonpathogenic strains, including one strain blocked at each developmental stage. H18 was blocked at the appressorium differentiation stage; i.e., no genuine appressoria were formed. H191 was blocked at the appressorium maturation stage; i.e., appressoria exhibited a pigmentation defect and developed only partial internal turgor pressure. H290 was impaired in appressorium function; i.e., appressoria failed to penetrate into bean tissues. Furthermore, these strains could be further discriminated according to the bean defense responses that they induced. Surprisingly, appressorium maturation, but not appressorium function, was sufficient to induce most plant defense responses tested (superoxide ion production and strong induction of pathogenesis-related proteins). However, appressorium function (i.e., entry into the first host cell) was necessary for avirulence-mediated recognition of the fungus.

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Antimicrobial Phytoprotectants and Fungal Pathogens: A Commentary

Cited by 86 publications

References 46 publications

Induced plant secondary metabolites for phytopatogenic fungi control: a review

Induced plant secondary metabolites for phytopatogenic fungi control: a review

Snakin-2, an Antimicrobial Peptide from Potato Whose Gene Is Locally Induced by Wounding and Responds to Pathogen Infection

Nonpathogenic Strains ofColletotrichum lindemuthianumTrigger Progressive Bean Defense Responses during Appressorium-Mediated Penetration

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