Antimicrobial Resistance and Genotypic Diversity of Campylobacter Isolated from Pigs, Dairy, and Beef Cattle in Tanzania

Abstract

Foodborne Campylobacter infections pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. However, the occurrence and characteristics of Campylobacter in food animals and products remain largely unknown in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic profiles (sequence types, STs) of Campylobacter isolated from feces of pigs and dairy and beef cattle in Tanzania. Overall, 259 (~30%) of 864 samples were positive for Campylobacter spp, which were detected in 32.5, 35.4, and 19.6% of the pig, dairy, and beef cattle samples, respectively. Multiplex PCR analysis identified 64.5 and 29.3% of the Campylobacter isolates as C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The majority (91.9%) of the isolates from pig samples were identified as C. coli, while C. jejuni accounted for 65.5% of the isolates from cattle. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method revealed resistance to: ampicillin (Amp) (70.3% and 75.7%, respectively), gentamicin (Gen) (1.8% and 12.6%), streptomycin (Str) (65.8 and 74.8%), erythromycin (Ery) (41.4 and 48.7%), tetracycline (Tet) (18.9 and 23.4%), and ciprofloxacin (Cip) (14.4 and 7.2%). Resistance to nalidixic acid (Nal) (39.6%), azithromycin (Azm) (13.5%), and chloramphenicol (Chl) (4.5%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (Tyl) (38.7%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing of 111 Campylobacter isolates resulted in the identification of 48 STs (26 C. jejuni and 22 C. coli) of which seven were novel (six C. jejuni and one C. coli). Taken together, this study revealed the high prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in important food animals in Tanzania, which highlights the urgent need for the surveillance and control of Campylobacter in this country.

CampylobacterSpecies Isolated from Pigs in Grenada Exhibited Novel Clones: Genotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Sequence Types

“…Another study on sheep and goats in Grenada by Stone et al (2014) revealed resistance of Campylobacter isolates to tetracycline (30.8%, 4/13), which is also significantly lower ( p = 0.005) than the observation in this study. Other studies in different geographical areas have also shown a low resistance rate of Campylobacter isolates from different animals and humans to tetracycline in comparison with our observation (Moore et al, 2006;Kashoma et al, 2015). On the other hand, other studies have reported high resistance rates of Campylobacter isolates from animals and humans to tetracycline, which is in close agreement with the observation in this study (Hariharan et al, 1990;Rollo et al, 2010;Scott et al, 2012;Stone et al, 2014).…”

Metagenomic analysis of enteric bacterial pathogens affecting the performance of dairy cows in smallholder productions systems

“…In the Campylobacteriaceae, C. coli, C. fetus, and C. jejuni were detected in cow rumen fluid and feces (Table 1). Similar findings were reported in Tanzania, Kenya and Ghana by (Kashoma et al, 2015;Nguyen et al, 2016;Karikari et al, 2017) in beef cattle feces, faeces and cloacal swabs of chickens and faeces and carcasses of healthy livestock animals, respectively. Pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus sciuri were detected only at the smallholder farms in Tanzania (Table 1).…”

“…The difference in AMR gene abundances also was observed between the isolates identified at the station and onfarms (Table 2). This difference could be due to differences in geographical locations, environment, management, farming practices, and concentration of the farms in the locations as reported by Kashoma et al (2015) and Nyabundi et al (2017). Additionally, the samples originating from different environment display different AMR gene abundance as reported by Gerzova et al (2015).…”

High Prevalence and Predominance of the aph(2″)-If Gene Conferring Aminoglycoside Resistance in Campylobacter

“…1, which revealed that gentamicin resistance was much more prevalent in C. coli than in C. jejuni isolates (P Ͻ 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). Generally, the rate of resistance of Campylobacter to gentamicin is low (Ͻ2%) in other countries (8,18,19). However, recent studies performed in China suggested that the frequency of gentamicin resistance is high in Campylobacter, especially in C. coli isolated from swine and broiler chickens (23.2% to 95.4%) (10)(11)(12).…”

“…In general, gentamicin resistance rates in Campylobacter have been reported to be low and stable in most countries (5)(6)(7)(8). In the United States, gentamicin resistance in Campylobacter was rarely reported before 2007 according to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) studies; however, an increasing trend of resis-tance to aminoglycosides was observed in recent years (9).…”