Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada

Jardine, Claire M.; Janecko, Nicol; Allan, Mike; Chalmers, Gabhan; Kozak, Gosia K.; McEwen, Scott A.; Reid‐Smith, Richard J.

doi:10.1128/aem.00705-12

Cited by 25 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…coli in raccoon fecal samples from swine farms and conservation areas. This is consistent with what has been found when comparing raccoon fecal samples in rural and urban areas in Ontario [32], but in contrast to Allen et al [10] who found a higher prevalence of resistant E . coli isolates in mice living on swine farms (48%) than residential areas in Ontario (5%; [10]).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…coli from samples, and the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) AMR Lab at the National Microbiology Laboratory of Guelph (formerly the Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses (LFZ)), Public Health Agency of Canada (Guelph, Ontario, Canada) conducted the susceptibility testing. Methods used have been previously described [32]. Up to three isolates of E .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, some wildlife studies documenting high prevalence of AMR from sites that claimed to be pristine have been criticized because they have actually had a history of antimicrobial use in the past or are close to anthropogenic areas [21, 29, 30]. Many AMR studies have focused on mice and voles with small home ranges [9, 10, 13], but migratory birds [31] or wild mammals with larger home-ranges, such as raccoons, may be more involved in the widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria [32], and be better indicators of resistant bacteria present in the environment at the landscape level. Raccoons may also have the potential to mechanically transmit resistant bacteria on their paws [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and the Environment on Swine Farms and Conservation Areas in Southern Ontario

et al. 2016

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Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to livestock, human and environmental health. Although resistant bacteria have been detected in wildlife, their role in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance is not clear. Our objective was to investigate demographic, temporal and climatic factors associated with carriage of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in raccoons and the environment. We collected samples from raccoon paws and feces and from soil, manure pit and dumpsters on five swine farms and five conservation areas in Ontario, Canada once every five weeks from May to November, 2011–2013 and tested them for E. coli and susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Of samples testing positive for E. coli, resistance to ≥ 1 antimicrobials was detected in 7.4% (77/1044; 95% CI, 5.9–9.1) of raccoon fecal samples, 6.3% (23/365; 95% CI, 4.0–9.3) of paw samples, 9.6% (121/1260; 8.0–11.4) of soil samples, 57.4% (31/54; 95% CI, 43.2–70.8) of manure pit samples, and 13.8% (4/29; 95% CI, 3.9–31.7) of dumpster samples. Using univariable logistic regression, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of resistant E. coli in raccoon feces on conservation areas versus farms; however, E. coli isolates resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobials were significantly less likely to be detected from raccoon paw samples on swine farms than conservation areas and significantly more likely to be detected in soil samples from swine farms than conservation areas. Resistant phenotypes and genotypes that were absent from the swine farm environment were detected in raccoons from conservation areas, suggesting that conservation areas and swine farms may have different exposures to resistant bacteria. However, the similar resistance patterns and genes in E. coli from raccoon fecal and environmental samples from the same location types suggest that resistant bacteria may be exchanged between raccoons and their environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and the Environment on Swine Farms and Conservation Areas in Southern Ontario

et al. 2016

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“…The pattern of sensitivity was also affected with the type of infection, as ESBL producers had high rate of resistance to cephalosporin and penicillin groups as compared to non ESBL producers. CM Jardine (2012) reported that there were larger multiple antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated in urban areas than from rural areas. Ramteke (1997) studied the antibiotic resistance of 448 coliforms isolated from drinking water and their tolerance to heavy metals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of multiple antibiotic resistance patterns and indexing among metal tolerant -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli

Akhter¹,

Imran²,

Akhter³

2014

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from three different sampling sites of the Gomti River at Lucknow city was evaluated. Water samples were collected and then analyzed for the presence of E. coli, using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. Of the 77 E. coli isolates tested, marked antibiotic resistances (over 70%) were observed for amoxicillin, nitrofurozone, chloramphenicol, polymixin B, methicilin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, cefpodoxime, erythromycin, penicillin, rifampicin and ofloxacin depending upon the sampling sites. All E. coli isolates also showed multiple resistance patterns in different combination of antibiotics. The MAR index ranges were found very high indicating the high risk of environmental contamination. The findings indicated that pollution of aquatic environments from different sources of the city may have a potential impact on the dissemination and survival of E. coli, as well as other pathogenic bacteria in the Gomti River water for public and animal health. This may result to a negative effect on antibiotic therapy for infectious diseases.

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“…7 %) and baboons in Tanzania (up to 6 %) (Routeman et al 1985). However, the value is lower than or similar to those in E. coli isolated from raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Canada (from 17 % to 54 %) (Jardine et al 2012), in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from Russian rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in the Czech Republic (13 %) (Literák et al 2007), in E. coli isolated from sympatric wild rodents in the United Kingdom (20 %) (Williams et al 2011), in E. coli of wild rats (Rattus spp.) in Trinidad (36.3 %) (Nkogwe et al 2011), in E. coli of rats (Rattus spp.)…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 98%

Bacteria culturing and isolation under field conditions of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, and preliminary survey on bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes

Nguema

Tsuchida

Ushida

2015

Tropics

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Culturing the intestinal bacteria of wild animals is a difficult task under field conditions, although isolation and characterization of bacteria are absolutely necessary to evaluate the transmission of bacteria from human to animal or vice versa. We have developed a protocol for intestinal bacteria culturing from feces of wild animals such as gorillas in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon, where no laboratory settings were available. The prevalence of resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates estimated by real time PCR array was higher for aminoglycosides resistance, followed by tetracycline resistance, except for possible naturally occurring β-lactam resistance. The detection level of resistance genes was higher for isolates from humans than those from gorillas. Occasional monitoring of this prevalence may help to measure the intensity of introduction of humanborne bacteria to wildlife.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and the Environment on Swine Farms and Conservation Areas in Southern Ontario

Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and the Environment on Swine Farms and Conservation Areas in Southern Ontario

Determination of multiple antibiotic resistance patterns and indexing among metal tolerant -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli

Bacteria culturing and isolation under field conditions of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, and preliminary survey on bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes

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