Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to antimicrobials targeting the cell wall (fosfomycin, glycopeptides, or β-lactam antibiotics) and to sulfonamides, first-generation quinolones, trimethoprim, polymixins, and rifampicin. The antibiotics most frequently used to control mycoplasmal infections in animals are macrolides and tetracyclines. Lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, phenicols, and aminoglycosides can also be active. Standardization of methods used for determination of susceptibility levels is difficult since no quality control strains are available and because of species-specific growth requirements. Reduced susceptibility levels or resistances to several families of antimicrobials have been reported in field isolates of pathogenic species of major veterinary interest: and in poultry;, , and in swine; in cattle; and in small ruminants. The highest resistances are observed for macrolides, followed by tetracyclines. Most strains remain susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Pleuromutilins are the most effective antibiotics . Resistance frequencies vary according to the species but also according to the countries or groups of animals from which the samples were taken. Point mutations in the target genes of different antimicrobials have been identified in resistant field isolates, -selected mutants, or strains reisolated after an experimental infection followed by one or several treatments: DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase IV for fluoroquinolones; 23S rRNA for macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and amphenicols; 16S rRNAs for tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Further work should be carried out to determine and harmonize specific breakpoints for animal mycoplasmas so that information can be used to provide advice on selection of treatments.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates Derived from Western Canadian Feedlot Cattle

“…As early as 2002, Rosenbusch et al [29] noted that erythromycin and TIL should not be considered for the treatment of M. bovis infections. This contention is supported by multiple studies and review articles [33][34][35][36].…”

“…Despite the challenges and caveats of extrapolating breakpoints, there is utility in providing veterinary practitioners with a guarded interpretation of the MIC values. A common practice has been to extrapolate the CLSI guidelines from other bacterial members of the BRD complex, specifically Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni [19,28,36,42]. As stated previously, all the CLSI guidelines suggested macrolide breakpoints were adopted with slight modifications.…”

Proteome analysis of Mycoplasma fermentans cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

“…Such changes, associated to specific metabolic processes and molecular functions, are likely to be important for the survival of the micro-organism in two different conditions (aerobic and anaerobic), and eventually to continuously induce proinflammatory cytokines and other metabolites harmful to the host. Further studies are needed to better characterize all the steps of these processes, which could be correlated to immune-evasion and pathogenesis [74,75].…”

Ethyl‐N‐dodecanoyl‐l‐arginate hydrochloride combats pathogens with low‐resistance generation by membrane attack and modifies gut microbiota structure

“…Odoribacter shows great potential to maintain the intestine or immune system by producing sulfonolipids (Walker, et al, 2017). In contrast to these beneficial microbes, Mycoplasmas cause respiratory and reproductive system infection in hosts (Gautier-Bouchardon, 2018;Zhou, et al, 2018). Streptococcus is a hostadapted bacterial pathogen that is among the leading infectious causes of host morbidity and mortality (Barnett, et al, 2015).…”