Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Newer Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) result in significant morbidity and mortality for patients in both community and health care settings. This is primarily due to the difficulty in treating MRSA, which is often resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. Understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in MRSA provides insight into the optimal use of antimicrobial agents in clinical practice and also underpins critical aspects of antimicrobial stewardship programs. In this review we delineate the mechanisms, prevalence, and clinical importance of resistance to antibiotics licensed in the past 20 years that target MRSA, as well as new drugs in the pipeline which are likely to be licensed soon. Current gaps in scientific knowledge about MRSA resistance mechanisms are discussed, and topics in the epidemiology of AMR in S. aureus that require further investigation are highlighted.

Resistance profile to antimicrobials agents in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitals in South Brazil between 2014-2019

“…In contrast, all the MRSA isolates tested were susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin, as observed in other Brazilian studies 51 - 54 . Currently, resistance to oxazolidinones (including linezolid) among S. aureus is rare, whereas prolonged exposure to vancomycin leads to the emergence of MRSA with reduced vancomycin susceptibility, and the strains are categorized as vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) 55 , as reported in other studies conducted in Brazil 28 - 56 . Nevertheless, vancomycin remains the first-line therapeutic choice for the treatment of invasive MRSA infections, such as bacteremia, pneumonia, and osteoarticular infection; linezolid is an alternative for the treatment of invasive hVISA and VISA infections 3 , 4 .…”

Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents of Wild Edible Mushrooms from Southeast Asia

“…Nowadays many infections are often caused by multi-resistant microorganisms resulting in difficult to treat diseases; as a very well-known example, coronavirus Covid-19 is killing thousands of people worldwide. Consequently, healthcare costs are increasing substantially every year, becoming a serious problem in many countries [43][44][45]. This situation has led to an increasing search for new antimicrobial agents from different sources.…”

Antibacterial Activity and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Promising Antibacterial Agent: 22-(2-Amino-phenylsulfanyl)-22-Deoxypleuromutilin

“…MRSA is S. aureus that displays resistance to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics, such as oxacillin, nafcillin, and carbapenems. The dissemination of MRSA represents a significant global health issue, which impacts patients in both community and health care settings [2]. The emergence of MRSA infection causes higher costs, longer hospitalization courses, and higher morbidity and mortality [3].…”