Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from poultry meat in Brazil: results of a nationwide survey

Abstract

The use of antimicrobials in food producing animals can lead to increased bacterial resistance. Important information to address this problem can be provided by monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. As part of preliminary activities for the implementation of AMR surveillance in Brazil, a nationwide survey on AMR in Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry meat was conducted. The survey evaluated 146 Salmonella isolates from poultry meat in 2014, and 163 isolates obtained in 2017. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 13 antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution, and isolates were assigned to serotypes by automated ribotyping. High resistance rates were found in 2014 and 2017, in particular to nalidixic

Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica in Poultry in South Africa Using the Farm-to-Fork Approach

“…In comparison to the results of the current study, higher rates of fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin and nalidixic) have been reported in poultry in the EU (64.7% and 61.5%), Brazil (86.5% and 89%), and China (25.7% and 46.7%) [ 37 , 45 , 60 ]. However, Salmonella isolated from broilers in Canada (3% and <1%) and in the USA (0% and <1%) have shown a low resistance frequency to fluoroquinolones, which can be attributed to the restricted use of fluoroquinolones in poultry [ 39 , 60 , 62 , 63 ].…”

“…Antibiotic discs from different manufacturers have given varying results and the narrow range to classify isolates as resistant or susceptible may introduce subjectivity when reading plates. The CLSI M100 guidelines indicate that no single antibiotic test can accurately detect all types of resistance associated with fluoroquinolones [ 7 , 54 , 58 – 60 ]. Automated systems used in laboratories may also have challenges in implementing new lower breakpoints for ciprofloxacin, and therefore, low-level resistance in isolates may be undetected [ 61 ].…”

“…In this study, low resistance frequencies were also observed for chloramphenicol (1.9%), nitrofurantoin (0.4%), and azithromycin (11%). Similarly, low rates of chloramphenicol resistance were reported among poultry isolates in Brazil (0.6%) and the USA (0.3%) [ 39 , 60 ]. The low chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin resistance in this study can be attributed to the prohibited use of these antibiotics in food animals in SA [ 64 ].…”

“…In South Korea, a slightly higher but comparable azithromycin resistance (17.9%) was reported compared to the results in the present study. In contrast, in the EU, USA, and Brazil, azithromycin resistance in food-producing animals and food products was either not detected or detected at a very low frequency (<1%) [ 12 , 48 , 60 , 65 ]. Azithromycin is used for the treatment of MDR Salmonellosis in humans.…”

“…However, in SA, regulations and policies exist, although enforcement remains challenging [ 64 , 69 ]. The resistant Salmonella strains in food animals and food products can be transmitted to humans through the food chain, and this poses a health risk to consumers by causing infections that are more severe and difficult to treat [ 60 , 70 ].…”