Antimicrobial resistance pattern and RAPD profile of Salmonella Ohio isolated from broiler farms in Al-Najaf and Al-Muthana provinces

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and resistance patterns of S. Ohio isolates. All the Ohio isolates were resistant to more than three of the antibiotics, upto 10 antimicrobial agents. Overall, the highest proportions were found for resistance to the following agents: Tetracycline (100%), Nalidixic acid (94.7%), Doxycycline (94.7%), low level resistance to Ciprofloxacin (89.4%),Kanamycin (84.2%), Sulphafurazole (78.9%), and Co-Trimoxazole(52.6%).A total of 11 (DI = 0.958) antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed among 19 isolates of S. Ohio, with a MAR index value ranged between 0.2 to 0.43. The frequency of resistance to Te/Cip/Na/Dox was found in 17 (90%) of the 19 MDR S. Ohio isolates. Genotyping of S. Ohio isolates using 10-mer arbitrary primer, p1254 revealed five RAPD types, denoted by English letters from A to E yielding DI of 0.53, whereas RAPD analysis with primer OPA-4 discriminated only four patterns which assigned F to I (figure), yielding DI of 0.44. When the results of RAPD (with two primers) and antibiotic susceptibility tests are combined, 19 isolates of S. Ohio could be divided into 12 different profiles (DI=0.97). The finding of this study indicated that the broiler chicken can serve as a zoonotic reservoir of MDR bacteria which can be transmitted to human. This is an important implication for human health, because infections with MDR bacteria are difficult to treat and often requires expensive and long term therapy. The RAPD technique can be a useful tool for the analysis of S. Ohio strains. The method might be used as easy, faster, and cost-effective tool for molecular epidemiology research in each laboratory.