Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Plasmid Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Saudi Arabia

Elmanama

et al. 2023

J Infect Dev Ctries

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural evolutionary process in bacteria that is accelerated by selection pressure from the frequent and irrational use of antimicrobial drugs. This study aimed to determine the variations in AMR patterns of priority bacterial pathogens at a tertiary care hospital in the Gaza Strip during pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This is a retrospective observational study to determine the AMR patterns of bacterial pathogens at a tertiary hospital in the Gaza Strip in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Positive-bacterial culture data of 2039 samples from pre-COVID-19 period and 1827 samples from post-COVID-19 period were obtained from microbiology laboratory records. These data were analysed and compared by Chi square test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Program. Results: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens were isolated. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent in both study periods. The overall AMR rate was high. There was a statistically significant increase in resistance to cloxacillin, erythromycin, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the post-COVID-19 period compared to pre-COVID-19 period. There was also a significant decrease in resistance to cefuroxime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, doxycycline, rifampicin, vancomycin and meropenem in the post-COVID-19 period. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the AMR rates of restricted and noncommunity-used antimicrobials declined. However, there was an increase in AMR to antimicrobials used without medical prescription. Therefore, restriction on the sale of antimicrobial drugs by community pharmacies without a prescription, hospital antimicrobial stewardship and awareness about the dangers of extensive use of antibiotics are recommended.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Pre- and post-COVID-19 antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial pathogens, a comparative study in a tertiary hospital

Elmanama

et al. 2023

J Infect Dev Ctries

“…Many researchers have addressed the relationship between plasmid profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in an attempt to find correlations between the number of plasmids found and the type of antibiotic resistance. In our previous study on S. aureus, we did not find any correlation between the number of plasmids found and the pattern of resistance (Jaran, 2017); other studies on Gram-negative E. coli and Salmonella spp. also showed no direct correlation between the number of plasmids found and resistance patterns (Jaran, 2015;2016).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 62%

Plasmid profiles and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical samples in Jordan

Delmani, F. A.,

Jaran, A. S.,

Kaplan, N. M.

et al. 2024

MJM

Aims:The aim of this study was to investigate plasmid profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different clinical specimens in Jordan. Methodology and results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from different clinical specimens from different hospitals and primary health care centers. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method against 16 commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Plasmid DNAs were extracted from lysed P. aeruginosa cells using the plasmid alkaline lysis method and visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining. The isolated strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to cefepime (90%), meropenem (70%), ceftazidime (60%), piperacillin (55%), aztreonam (50%), ciprofloxacin and tobramycin (35%), gentamicin (29%), imipenem and amikacin (20%). All the isolates were sensitive to colistin. Plasmid analysis of the clinical isolates showed the presence of 0 to 3 plasmids with a size range of 1 to 25 kb compared to the standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The results obtained in this study showed some correlation between the patterns of antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles.

“…This result is in agreement with the studies ofMwajuma (2010) who reported that Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus were resistant to ceftriaxone, ampiclox, erythromycin and zinnacef. Similarly,Mbim et al (2016), Jaran, (2015 andTagoe et al (2011) reported the existence of multidrug resistance in E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis. Generally, the development of drug resistant pathogens can be linked to indiscriminate use of antibiotics and resultant selective pressure on bacteria(Mohammed et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Properties of Borehole Water in Selected Areas of Benin City, Edo State

Obuekwe¹,

Oshoma²,

Omorogbe³

2021

NJLS

Water is important in African towns and cities, and its quality is paramount to public health. This study therefore, assessed the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of borehole water samples from agricultural, animal farm, and residential areas in Benin City, Edo state. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water samples were based on standard methods. Sheep blood agar was used for hemolytic bacterial isolation, and isolates were subsequently assessed for antibiotic resistance to common antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Physicochemical parameters of borehole water samples assessed were within World Health Organization (WHO) standard with the exception of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Bacterial analyses revealed counts (1.01±0.10×104 to 4.80±0.10×104 cfu/mL) that were above WHO standard of 100 cfu/ mL as well as high coliform count (1.20 ± 0.23 - 3.00 ±0.63 MPN/10 mL) above WHO standard of 0 MPN/ml. Shigella sp. (23.29%) and Bacillus cereus (21.92%) were the two isolates that occurred most in the study. Hemolytic bacterial pathogens recovered were Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus sp. All four pathogens were resistant to the antibiotic ceftriaxone but Staphylococcus aureus had multiple antibiotic resistant index (MRI) of 0.8 before plasmid curing. This study has shown that borehole water could be sources of bacterial pathogens and therefore, should be properly treated before use. This would help to reduce the incidence of waterborne infections in communities.