Antimicrobial resistance profiles of <em>Salmonella</em> serovars isolated from dressed chicken meat at slaughter in Kaduna, Nigeria

Abstract

Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis characterized by gastroenteritis and bacteremia is endemic in sub-Sahara Africa. Most infections are foodborne with animals serving as asymptomatic carriers. We investigated Salmonella serovars and associated resistance genes in chicken meat using culture, minimum inhibitory concentrations and PCR amplification of resistance genes. Of 100 samples examined, 28 (28%) were Salmonella positive and spread across six serovars: Haifa (71.4%), Chomedey (7.1%), Saintpaul (7.1%), Kainji (7.1%), Derby (3.6%), and Blockley (3.6%). Antimicrobial resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (85.7%), nalidixic acid (75.0%), sulfamethoxazole (67.9%), tetracycline (67.9%), trimethoprim (42.9%), gentamicin (35.7%), streptomycin (32.1%), ampicillin (10.7%), chloramphenicol (10.7%), kanamycin (7.1%) and florfenicol (3.6%). All isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and colistin, whereas 19 (67.9%) showed multidrug resistance to at least three antimicrobials. The predominant resistance type was Cip-Gen-Nal-Smx-Tet-Tmp detected in six (21%) isolates. Multidrug resistance of Salmonella serovars was high in the sampled chicken meat with resistance most observed against ciprofloxacin. This suggests possible horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, which may compromise the clinical use of fluoroquinolones. Thus, improved hygiene and provision of adequate facilities at meat processing centers could help limit meat contamination and foodborne transmission of multi-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars from chickens to humans.

Salmonella Characterization in Poultry Eggs Sold in Farms and Markets in Relation to Handling and Biosecurity Practices in Ogun State, Nigeria

“…These days, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are mostly preferred. Even at that, there have been increasingly reported cases of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins [11,12].…”

“…Non-typhoidal Salmonella species, like other bacterial pathogens, can acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents, thereby enhancing their pathogenicity, virulence, and impact on the infected human population [13]. While bacterial resistance is commonly acquired through mechanisms such as mutations and/or horizontal plasmid transfer, the transmission of resistant NT Salmonella to humans is mostly associated with contact with infected animals and consumption of contaminated foods, especially foods of animal origin such as poultry, fish, eggs, beef, and dairy products [12,14].…”

“…In Nigeria, NT Salmonella has been mostly characterized in the poultry sector from feces, dust, environment, and poultry meat [5,12,17,18]. However, information on the drivers of egg contamination and transmission is scanty due to the lack of a coordinated national surveillance program.…”

Assessment of Anti-Salmonella Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Senna siamae, Used in Traditional Management of Salmonellosis in Benin

“…Non-typhoid Salmonella enterica associated with various foods, particularly poultry products, are major causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide [1]. Non-typhoid salmonellosis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Approximately 1.4 million people are affected each year in the United States, with nearly 15,000 hospitalizations and more than 400 deaths [3].…”

“…Fluoroquinolones are involved in the treatment of serious Salmonella infections [5]. Unfortunately, there is an increase in the resistance of Salmonella to quinolone [2] [6] [7]. Lack of sanitation, limited access to safe drinking water and inappropriate use of antimicrobials also complicate the management and treatment of salmonellosis.…”