Antimicrobial resistant and enteropathogenic bacteria in ‘filth flies’: a cross-sectional study from Nigeria

Onwugamba, Francis C.; Mellmann, Alexander; Nwaugo, V. O.; Süselbeck, Benno; Schaumburg, Frieder

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74112-x

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Ethiopia, Nigeria, Thailand, India, Zambia,) with colonization rates between 0.8 and 72.5% (Table 3 ). Similar to data from humans, CTX-M is the most common ESBL in E. coli from flies (24.4–100%) [ 107 – 110 ]. It appears that colonization rates with ESBL-producing E. coli are much higher in the hospital environment than in rural areas as shown in Nigeria and Ethiopia [ 107 , 111 ].…”

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confidence: 62%

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Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries

2023

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Background Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. Main body Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichiacoli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9–60%, Asia: 53–93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E.coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E.coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E.coli colonization of wildlife is 1–9% in bats or 2.5–63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called ‘filth flies’ are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of ‘filth flies’ are colonized with ESBL-producing E.coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4–100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5–56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1–16%). Conclusions Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming. Graphical abstract

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Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…E. coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) [ 106 ]. Although the concentration of bacteria decline exponentially during the intestinal passage, defaecation can still be a way of bacterial transmission as bacteria proliferate in faecal droplets [ 107 ]. The same is true for regurgitation.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries

2023

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“…Although there are mainly three periods, namely winter, summer, and rainy season in Bangladesh, winter (December-January) and summer (April-May) were considered for the present study. However, Onwugamba et al (2020) showed that a lower mean temperature was associated with the presence of S. aureus in flies from Nigeria. This may be due to several environmental factors such as higher air pressure, lower wind pressure, and higher relative humidity, which can assist in the occurrence of S. aureus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies from Bangladesh have reported that house flies collected from various environments including hospitals carried MDR E. coli and Salmonella (Sobur et al 2019a(Sobur et al , 2019b(Sobur et al , 2019c. Being often part of human skin microbiota, S. aureus has been successfully isolated from flies (Rahuma et al, 2005;Graham et al 2009;Nazari et al 2017;Poudel et al 2019;Khamesipour et al 2018;Onwugamba et al 2020). Flies are more abundant in places of human activities such as hospitals, food corners, restaurants, fruit shops, slaughterhouses, livestock, and poultry farms (Awache and Farouk 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher seasonal temperature enhances the occurrence of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in house flies (Musca domestica) under hospital and environmental settings

et al. 2021

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emergence in commensal and pathogenic bacteria is a global health issue. House flies (Musca domestica) are considered as biological and mechanical vectors for pathogens causing nosocomial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the role of temperature on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in house flies in a hospital environment have not been studied. A total of 400 house flies were collected in winter and summer from four hospital-associated areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Detection of S. aureus and MRSA in flies was done by culturing, staining, and PCR methods targeting nuc and mec genes (mecA and mecC), respectively. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance phenotype against six antimicrobials. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect of temperature on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance, and on the presence of the nuc and mecA genes, and location of samples in and around a hospital environment. By PCR, S. aureus was detected in 208 (52%) samples. High frequencies of resistance (≥ 80% of isolates) to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and oxacillin were observed by disk diffusion test. Increase in temperature had a positive effect on the occurrence of S. aureus and MRSA isolates as well as on their resistance to individual and multiple antimicrobials. Among the study areas, hospital premises had increased odds of having S. aureus. Increased temperature of summer significantly increased the occurrence of MRSA in house flies in and around the hospital environment, which might pose a human and animal health risk.

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“…Onwugamba and coworkers investigated a subset of 16 phenotypically-detected ESBL Enterobacteriaceae, cultured from flies; all isolates harbored bla CTX-M and 33% of them had bla TEM too. These authors reported bla TEM-1 as the predominant variant [ 49 ]. On the other hand, Poudel and collaborators showed results similar to the ones obtained in our study; indeed, among 84 tested E. coli and 37 Klebsiella pneumoniae tested, three and one were phenotypically ESBL positive, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

House Flies (Musca domestica) from Swine and Poultry Farms Carrying Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella

Bertelloni

Bresciani

Cagnoli

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The house fly (Musca domestica) is a very common insect, abundantly present in farm settings. These insects are attracted by organic substrates and can easily be contaminated by several pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. and other Enterobacteriaceae in house flies captured in small-medium size farms, located in Northwest Tuscany, Central Italy, and to evaluate their antimicrobial resistance; furthermore, isolates were tested for extended spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenems resistance, considering the importance these antimicrobials have in human therapy. A total of 35 traps were placed in seven poultry and 15 swine farms; three different kinds of samples were analyzed from each trap, representing attractant substrate, insect body surface, and insect whole bodies. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 86.36% of farms, 82.87% of traps, and 60.95% of samples; high levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin (61.25% of resistant isolates) and tetracycline (42.5% of resistant isolates). One extended spectrum β-lactamase producer strain was isolated, carrying the blaTEM-1 gene. Salmonella spp. was detected in 36.36% of farms, 25.71% of traps, and 15.24% of samples. Five different serovars were identified: Kentucky, Kisarawe, London, Napoli, and Rubislaw; some isolates were in R phase. Resistance was detected mainly for ampicillin (31.21%) and tetracycline (31.21%). House flies could represent a serious hazard for biosecurity plans at the farm level, carrying and sharing relevant pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

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Antimicrobial resistant and enteropathogenic bacteria in ‘filth flies’: a cross-sectional study from Nigeria

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries

Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries

Higher seasonal temperature enhances the occurrence of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in house flies (Musca domestica) under hospital and environmental settings

House Flies (Musca domestica) from Swine and Poultry Farms Carrying Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella

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