Antimicrobial resistant enteric bacteria are widely distributed amongst people, animals and the environment in Tanzania

Abstract

Antibiotic use and bacterial transmission are responsible for the emergence, spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) bacteria, but their relative contribution likely differs across varying socio-economic, cultural, and ecological contexts. To better understand this interaction in a multi-cultural and resource-limited context, we examine the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from three ethnic groups in Tanzania. Householdlevel data (n = 425) was collected and bacteria isolated from people, livestock, dogs, wildlife and water sources (n = 62,376 isolates). The relative prevalence of different resistance phenotypes is similar across all sources. Multi-locus tandem repeat analysis (n = 719) and whole-genome sequencing (n = 816) of Escherichia coli demonstrate no evidence for hostpopulation subdivision. Multivariate models show no evidence that veterinary antibiotic use increased the odds of detecting AR bacteria, whereas there is a strong association with livelihood factors related to bacterial transmission, demonstrating that to be effective, interventions need to accommodate different cultural practices and resource limitations.

Extracellular Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles—Antibacterial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains

“…Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are known to cause scalded skin syndrome, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, urinary tract infections, pneumonia and diarrhea worldwide [1][2][3]. Resistance in pathogenic microorganisms poses a severe threat to global public health because conventional antibiotics will no longer be effective [4,5]. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel antibiotics, antimicrobial agents and nanomaterials that exhibit strong antimicrobial activity without the induction of resistance in bacterial strains.…”

Occurrence and antibiogram signatures of members of the Enterobacteriaceae family recovered from vegetables, river water and hospital effluents in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

“…Tetracycline resistance genes like tetM disallow the binding of tetracycline antibiotic to the ribosome by producing elongation factor-like ribosomal protection proteins that stabilize ribosome transfer RNA interactions in the presence of tetracycline molecules [46]. Occurrence of tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae have been previously reported [47,48,49,50]. Interestingly, only Klebsiella species that demonstrated high occurrence of sul2 gene at 70% proportion, while sul1 was not detected in this organism.…”

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors

“…Colony morphology, while not a reliable diagnostic for species identity, was 99.2% consistent with E. coli based on a random subset of 248 isolates. We have successfully used this method for selecting E. coli in high-throughput eld [34][35][36]. In one study, whole-genome sequencing of 1,317 presumptive E. coli con rmed that 90.7% of the isolates collected from human stool samples were E. coli [34].…”

“…We have successfully used this method for selecting E. coli in high-throughput eld [34][35][36]. In one study, whole-genome sequencing of 1,317 presumptive E. coli con rmed that 90.7% of the isolates collected from human stool samples were E. coli [34]. Thus, while this strategy could reduce our analytical power, it does not nullify our inferences for statistically signi cant ndings.…”

“…We have assessed the validity of this method both genotypically and phenotypically. Genotypically, we compared breakpoint assay results with wholegenome sequence data for > 730 E. coli isolates and found that for the most common antibioticresistance phenotypes (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim), diagnostic sensitivity varied between 0.75 0.93 while diagnostic speci city ranged from 0.94 and 0.99 [34]. Phenotypically, we found a correlation (r) of 0.98 between a panel of E. coli isolates by breakpoint and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test [37].…”