Antimicrobial-ResistantCampylobacterin the Food Chain in Mexico

Abstract

We describe prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility results for thermophilic Campylobacter isolates collected from humans, food, and food-animals in an integrated food chain surveillance network in Mexico. From 2003 to 2006, stool samples were collected from children with diarrhea at state sentinel hospitals. Concurrently, fecal samples from asymptomatic children in kindergartens, as well as raw chicken, pork and beef from retail outlets, and food-animal intestines from slaughterhouses were all collected in 65 cities from four different states. C. jejuni was identified with a standardized hippurate test. Hippurate negative, indoxyl acetate positive isolates were classified as Campylobacter spp. Susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A total of 1,259 C. jejuni and 1,797 Campylobacter spp. isolates were recovered from 11,811 samples. Chicken was significantly more contaminated for both intestinal samples (93.6%) and meat products (58.3%), compared with swine (71.4%)/pork (14.6%) samples, and cattle (25.1%)/beef (5.3%) samples (p<0.001). Campylobacter was recovered from 5.1% of children with diarrhea and from 3.2% of asymptomatic children. Chicken was significantly more likely to harbor ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni (85.8%) than swine (62.5%, OR=3.6), cattle (39.8%, OR=9.3), or humans (58.2%, OR=4.4). No significant differences were found for ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter spp. among food-animals, but the rate in food-animals was significantly higher than in humans (84% vs. 56.7%, OR=4.0). Swine was significantly more likely to harbor erythromycin-resistant C. jejuni (14.8%) than chicken (3.5%, OR=4.9), cattle (1.8%, OR=9.3), or humans (3.0%, OR=5.7), and was associated with higher rates of erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. (41.9%) than chicken (10.5%, OR=6.1) and humans (11.9%, OR=5.3). The high resistance rates to ciprofloxacin preclude the use of fluoroquinolones for treatment of campylobacteriosis in Mexico. Our results emphasize the need for ongoing and integrated surveillance of antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial susceptibility in humans and animals.

Campylobacter: fluoroquinolone resistance in Latin-American countries

“…However, in developing countries, where Campylobacter infection is endemic due to poor sanitation, close contact with animals, and environmental sources like water (Fernández 2011), comprehensive surveillance studies on Campylobacter are rare (Zaidi et al 2012). Although, scarce data from developing countries suggest that Campylobacter infections contribute to a considerable human disease burden (Fernández 2011) also associated to increasing isolation rates of antimicrobial resistant strains (Ruiz-Palacios 2007, Pollett et al 2012.…”

“…Another subtype recovered from one isolate of human origin matched with two isolates from the patient's chickens. Zaidi et al (2012) in Mexico, conducted a surveillance study on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates collected from 65 different cities during 2003-2006 through an active and integrated food chain surveillance system for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. Ciprofloxacin resistant C. jejuni were found in chickens (85.8%), swine (62.5%), cattle (39.8%) and humans (58.2%).…”

La evolución de la resistencia bacteriana en México, 1973-2013

“…En el 2007 y el 2009 se reportó el surgimiento y la diseminación de un patógeno entérico multirresistente, Salmonella Typhimurium, por la producción de una betalactamasa de tipo AmpC (17,18 (19,20).…”

Diagnóstico molecular de Campylobacter en la cadena avícola destinada para consumo humano en Costa Rica.

“…Por otra parte, en punto de venta de pollo fresco, se ha reportado un 63,0% en Costa Rica (Antillón et al, 1987), 58,3% en México (Zaidi et al, 2012), 49,5% en España (Domínguez et al, 2002) y 36,5% en Irán (Taremi et al, 2006).…”

“…Tradicionalmente, el diagnóstico y confirmación de las especies de Campylobacter se ha realizado mediante cultivo bacteriológico y pruebas bioquímicas (Ewnetu y Mihret, 2010;Tadesse et al, 2011;Zaidi et al, 2012); sin embargo, en los últimos años, se han implementado técnicas moleculares como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) (Osail et al, 2012) y técnicas de genotipificación (Frederick y Huda, 2011, Ahmed et al, 2012Abley et al, 2012;Eberle y Kiess, 2012).…”