Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Pathogens in Swine

Abstract

The aim of this study was to set up antimicrobial stewardship for swine respiratory pathogens following the recommendation from the European Medicine Agency. The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility pattern recommended using antimicrobial stewardship for each clinical case instead of treatment guidelines focused on pathogens. Thus, the bacteria are isolated and the MIC values, the clinical interpretation for each antimicrobial (susceptible or resistant), additional information about the distance between the MIC obtained and the clinical breakpoint, and set up for each drug, are represented in the report provided for veterinarians. A graph from green (susceptible) to red (resistant) is enclosed for each antimicrobial and microorganism in the report. The greener, the more susceptible is the strain, and the redder, the less susceptible is the strain for each particular antimicrobial. This information could help veterinarians to select the most suitable antimicrobial from first, second, or last option antimicrobials. Thus, veterinarians should choose the antimicrobial, inside each option, with the best antimicrobial susceptibility pattern that corresponds with the greener status in the report. The information provided in the report could be useful for all clinical cases, caused by a certain bacterium within the same pig production system, if an epidemiological link could be established.

Revealing Genomic Insights of the Unexplored Porcine Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Using Whole Genome Sequencing

“…Clinical specimens isolated from Spanish farms were cultured aseptically, and identification of APP isolates was performed as previously described ( 6 ). MIC values were determined using the broth microdilution method (Sensititre, Trek diagnostic Systems Inc., East Grinstead, UK) and following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ( 59 ).…”

“…MIC values were determined using the broth microdilution method (Sensititre, Trek diagnostic Systems Inc., East Grinstead, UK) and following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ( 59 ). The antimicrobials tested included amoxicillin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, marbofloxacin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tiamulin, tilmicosin, tildipirosin, and tulathromycin ( 6 ).…”

“…Moreover, the European legislation on veterinary medicinal products recommends using epidemiological information as a sound criterion to select the most suitable antimicrobial to be used in each clinical case ( 5 ). Thus, it has been recently proposed to determine the MIC for a battery of antimicrobials in one clinical case and use these epidemiological data in future clinical cases if the sow origin is the same ( 6 ). However, this approach has not been validated from a scientific point of view.…”

Technological Tools for the Early Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Farms

“…This does not guarantee the success of the approach, but it would be a fast way to carry out the most accurate ATB treatments at the farm level, where not much information may be available. It is clear that a practical way to achieve antimicrobial stewardship in cattle is needed, as has been proposed for other livestock species [ 97 ]. As an example, when a particular pattern of disease behavior is detected (i.e., “Pattern A”), the computer program would be able to associate it with a specific pathogen (i.e., “Pathogen A”).…”

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Porcine Bacterial Pathogens: Investigating the Prospect of Testing a Representative Drug for Each Antimicrobial Family

“…Thus, it is essential for the veterinarian to confirm by laboratory analysis the etiology of the disease, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogen. In both veterinary and human medicine, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data can help to predict the clinical outcome of antimicrobial treatment [16], allowing a rational choice of the drug to treat a particular bacterial infection [17,18]. Antimicrobial susceptibility is usually measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is the lowest concentration that stops in vitro growth of the targeted bacteria.…”