Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enteric bacterial pathogens isolated in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2002-2004

Medicinal plants have been the major resources for therapeutic agents for remedy of many diseases. In the present investigation, antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of green and black tea (Camellia sinensis) against intestinal pathogens was studied by well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. About twenty six intestinal strains which include E.coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. were isolated from diarrheal samples. Results showed that methanol extracts of both green tea and black tea revealed higher inhibitory activity on intestinal bacteria than aqueous extracts. At the concentration of 12.0 mg/ml 8/12 (66%) of Salmonella spp., 06/08 (75%) of Shigella spp. and 02/04 (50%) of Vibrio spp. were sensitive to green tea aqueous extracts. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to the green tea methanol extracts concentration of 3.0, 6.0, 12, 24 and 48 mg/ml and exhibited zone size ranging from 1.0-37 mm. The MIC of green tea for E.coli was found to be 3.0mg/ml, for Salmonella spp. was 6.0 mg/ml for aqueous and 12.0 mg/ml for methanol extract. For Shigella spp and Vibrio spp. it was 12.0 and 6.0mg/ml respectively. Our findings revealed that methanol extracts of green tea exhibited strong antibacterial activity on intestinal pathogens. Thus the extracts of tea leaves can be used as an alternative drug against intestinal pathogens without having any side effects. Green tea and black tea extracts are safe and can be a supplement for other systems of medicines for the treatment of intestinal diseases caused by bacteria.

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“…Our results are in agreement with the findings of previous studies 19,20 . This might be due to the environmental and personal hygiene factors.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

Bagyalakshmi¹,

Balamurugan²

2017

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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“…are the most common agents of diarrhea (2,5,6). In spite of fluid and electrolyte replacement as a method of choice for the treatment of diarrheal diseases, antimicrobial therapy is recommended for suspected cases of Salmonella, Shigella and V. cholerae (7). The prescription of antibiotics for treatment of diarrheal diseases has a crucial role in reducing morbidity and mortality of the diseases; however, misuse and overuse of antibiotics in the treatment of diarrhea has resulted in antibiotic resistance (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eighty percent of these deaths are among children under two years of age. Predisposing factors such as malnutrition, low socioeconomic conditions, and poor hygiene are the major risk factors for such deaths in developing countries (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Among the bacteria responsible for diarrhea, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. coli, Campylobacter spp., Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Plesiomonas spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of the Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteropathogens Isolates in an Iranian Hospital

Tafti¹,

Rahbar²,

Eslami³

et al. 2016

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: Infectious diarrhea is one of the most frequent diseases among children, especially in developing countries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the etiological agents and drug resistance patterns of common enteric pathogens isolated in an Iranian 1000-bed tertiary care hospital. Patients and Methods:In a retrospective study, we analyzed the etiology and drug resistance patterns of enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal cases. The study was carried out in the Milad hospital of Tehran over two years, from April of 2012 to January of 2014. Stool specimens from patients with diarrhea (n = 7321) were examined for enteric pathogens using routine microbiological culture methods. Strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and enteric pathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were serotyped and their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents was determined by a disk diffusion method, as recommended by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Enteric pathogens were isolated from 310 (4.23%) of the patients. The most frequently isolated microorganisms included enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Salmonella, and Shigella spp. The majority of the isolates of EPEC were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin (85.61%), cefixime (79.41%), and nalidixic acid. Resistance among other enteric pathogens was also prevalent. About 45.70% of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 87.95% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Resistance of the Shigella isolates to nalidixic acid in comparison to the resistance recorded in previous studies was higher. Conclusions:The results show that enteric bacteria, including EPEC, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. are the major causative agents of diarrhea in the hospital. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens is an important problem for public health. Considering the threat of emerging antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens, a better surveillance system is necessary.

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“…This study is in agreement with study done in Kathmandu in which most affected population was 20 to 29 yrs. 6 Similarly, in an outbreak study at Jajarkot, adult (15 to 44 yrs) were affected more. 3 However our study contrast with other studies which reported the prevalence of cholera in the children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak of Cholera in Tilathi VDC Saptari Nepal

Yadav¹,

Tamrakar²,

Baral

et al. 2014

Kathmandu Univ. Med. J.

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BackgroundOn 2011, Cluster of cholera cases was reported in the Tilathi VDC of Saptari, Nepal. ObjectiveThe outbreak was investigated to identify the etiological agent and possible source of infection and guiding the prevention and control measures. MethodsDemographic and clinical details were collected from the suspected case-patients, and the outbreak was described by time, place, and person. Focus group discussion and Key informant interview were conducted to assess the practice of sanitation, source of drinking water and probable cause of diarrheal disease. Five stool samples and 10 water samples of tube well and ponds were collected and microbiological study was done in BPKIHS Dharan. ResultsA total of 111 persons suffered with diarrhea and 02 died of it (attack rate 3.05%, case fatality rate 1.8%). All age groups were affected with disease (median age 26 yrs) and males were affected more than females. Descriptive epidemiology suggested the clustering of cases were around the pond where they clean utensils, take bath and wash clothes. The Vibrio cholerae 01 El Tor, Ogawa serotype was isolated in 03 out of 05 suspected stool samples and in all three of the pond water samples. They reported that most of the houses do not have the toilet and people do not wash their hands regularly with soap and water after defecation. ConclusionVibrio cholerae was the causative agent behind the outbreak and probable source of infection was the problematic pond water which they used for different purpose. Immediate chlorination of the pond was recommended to halt further spread of the epidemics.

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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enteric bacterial pathogens isolated in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2002-2004

Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacterial enteropathogens Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species and Shigella species were investigated. Methodology: A total of 877 stool samples were received for culture at

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

A Survey of the Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteropathogens Isolates in an Iranian Hospital

Outbreak of Cholera in Tilathi VDC Saptari Nepal

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