Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Environmental Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Isolates

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are the causative agents of cholera disease. There are more than 200 serogroups in this species that are termed V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Non-O1/non-O139 strains can cause gastroenteritis and cholera like diarrhea, wound infections, external otitis, and bacteraemia that may lead to mortality. Previous antimicrobial susceptibility studies were conducted mainly on O1/O139 serogroups and on clinical isolates. Our aim was to study and compare the antimicrobial susceptibilities of non-O1/non-O139 environmental strains isolated from chironomids, fish, and waterfowl. Significant differences were found in the antimicrobial susceptibilities between the environmental strains that were isolated from three different reservoir habitats. Significant increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin and chloramphenicol was found in chironomid isolates from 2009 compared to those from 2005. V. cholerae isolates from different waterfowl species displayed the highest MIC values to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), while chironomid isolates demonstrated the highest MIC values toward ampicillin. Isolates from fish and waterfowl showed high MIC values toward doxycycline. No significant differences were found between the MICs of isolates from the different waterfowl species. The percentage of antimicrobial resistance among V. cholerae isolates from waterfowl was the highest compared to the abundance of antimicrobial resistant isolates from chironomids or fish. The antimicrobial resistance genes can be carried on mobile genetic elements, thus, waterfowl may act as reservoirs for these elements and may spread them all over the globe. Data regarding treatment with antimicrobial agents toward V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 serogroups is lacking and therefore further studies are needed.

Septicemia secondary toVibrio cholerae(non-O1/non-O139) in wound

“…Most commonly known infections caused by Vibrio serotypes are gastroenteritis, cholera-like diarrhoea, local wound infections, peritonitis, endophthalmitis, ear infections, meningitis, septic arthritis and bacteremia 1 2. Gastrointestinal infections, which are usually caused by V. cholera and V. parahaemolyticus , usually clear with supportive therapy; however, extra-intestinal manifestations due to V. vulnificus require early antibiotic therapy along with aggressive surgical intervention.…”

“…Broad-spectrum antibiotics and intravenous pressor support were started after fluid resuscitation. Blood and wound cultures showed infection from V. cholera non-O1/non-O139 strain, and her antibiotics were changed to doxycycline based on sensitivities and previously published literature 2. With the improvement in her haemodynamic state, surgical debridement was performed along with skin grafting.…”

“…Non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae bacteremia and wound infection is a life-threatening condition 2. Education regarding the hazards of consuming raw seafood and proper food sterilisation is necessary to prevent small outbreaks 5.…”

<p>Non-O1, Non-O139 <em>Vibrio cholerae</em> (NOVC) Bacteremia: Case Report and Literature Review, 2015–2019</p>

“…35 However, recent studies discovered increased antimicrobial resistance among environmental and clinical NOVC isolates. 36 Thus, antimicrobial treatment in patients with NOVC bacteremia must be based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.…”

Haitian-like genetic traits with creeping MIC of Azithromycin in Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Puducherry, India

“…MIC of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were determined using E-test strips (Biomerieux, France), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cut-off levels for assessing resistance were determined following the CLSI guidelines [11,12].…”