Antimicrobial Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Stratton, Charles W.; Wheldon, D. B.

doi:10.1007/s15010-007-7036-5

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This protocol is based on that advised by Stratton and Wheldon. 19,21 The advantage of this study is that it incorporates two within subject controls (unaffected side and prepost comparisons) and a between subjects control (no Cpn infection). A linear mixed model was used for the blood flow data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 The strategy of this protocol is to induce the persistent form from the RB by using a combination of tetracycline and a macrolide and then kill the CF with intermittent pulses of metronidazole or tinidazole. 19 In addition, disruption of the outer membrane proteins of EBs by constant exposure to NAC initiates the transition of the EB form to the RB form, which is susceptible to the tetracycline/ macrolide combination. 21 The term chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been used to refer to the venous disease associated with MS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A prolonged antibiotic protocol to treat persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection improves the extracranial venous circulation in multiple sclerosis

Thibault¹,

Attia

Oldmeadow

2017

Phlebology

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Objective Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a condition associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). One mechanism that has been proposed is that the venous obstructions found in MS are due to a chronic persistent venulitis caused by the intra-cellular bacterial parasite, Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cpn). The objective of the current study is to determine the effect of a combined antibiotic protocol (CAP) on the venous flow in MS patients as measured by a quantitative duplex ultrasound examination (QDUS). Method A non-randomised before-after cohort study was conducted to investigate differences in blood flow volumes pre and 6-months post antibiotic treatment for Cpn infection. Flow volume data were measured by QDUS across affected and unaffected sides from multiple veins segments, including internal jugular vein (IJV) segments J2 and J3, and vertebral vein (VV), as well as global arterial blood flow (GABF). Results 91 patients were included in the study. 64 (70%) were found to have positive Cpn serology. There was a statistically significant post-treatment difference seen for the affected side of Cpn infected patients (mean difference = 56 mL/min, p = 0.02). There was a non-significant increase seen for the affected side of uninfected patients (mean difference = 23 mL/min, p = 0.2). The difference in these effects (34 mL/min) was not statistically significant ( p = 0.3). The mean flow rate decreased in the unaffected side for both infected (-27 mL/min, p = 0.5) and uninfected patients (-69 mL/min, p = 0.01). There was a statistically significant post-treatment increase in GABF for the infected patients (mean difference = 90 mL/min, p = 0.02) and a difference of 76 mL/min for non-infected patients ( p = 0.01). Conclusion A CAP appears to improve the extra-cranial circulation in patients diagnosed with MS. This effect is statistically significant in patients with positive Cpn serology, although patients with negative Cpn serology also show some benefit, betraying a lack of specificity of this effect.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prolonged antibiotic protocol to treat persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection improves the extracranial venous circulation in multiple sclerosis

Thibault¹,

Attia

Oldmeadow

2017

Phlebology

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“…A large meta-analysis including 26 studies was not able to conclude that C. pneumoniae as a causal relationship with MS (Bagos et al, 2006). Anti microbial therapy in patients with MS requires validated multi-central studies, involving all infectious cycles of the microorganism (Stratton & Wheldon, 2007). The current information indicates that, the causal relationship between C. pneumoniae with MS is still controversial.…”

Section: Chlamydia and Neurologic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia: Possible Mechanisms of the Long Term Complications

Apan¹

2012

Chlamydia

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“…The Vanderblit University group is currently treating patients with MS with a combination of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors (doxycycline and azithromycin or roxithromycin or rifampicin) and then adding metronidazole to this. These studies will need to be validated by comprehensive multicenter trials of combined antibiotic treatment aimed at all phases of the organism's life-cycle [135]. …”

Section: C Pneumoniae Neurodegenerative and Demyelinating Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydophila pneumoniaeInfection and Its Role in Neurological Disorders

Contini

Seraceni

Cultrera

et al. 2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

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Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen responsible for a number of different acute and chronic infections. The recent deepening of knowledge on the biology and the use of increasingly more sensitive and specific molecular techniques has allowed demonstration of C. pneumoniae in a large number of persons suffering from different diseases including cardiovascular (atherosclerosis and stroke) and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Despite this, many important issues remain unanswered with regard to the role that C. pneumoniae may play in initiating atheroma or in the progression of the disease. A growing body of evidence concerns the involvement of this pathogen in chronic neurological disorders and particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Monocytes may traffic C. pneumoniae across the blood-brain-barrier, shed the organism in the CNS and induce neuroinflammation. The demonstration of C. pneumoniae by histopathological, molecular and culture techniques in the late-onset AD dementia has suggested a relationship between CNS infection with C. pneumoniae and the AD neuropathogenesis. In particular subsets of MS patients, C. pneumoniae could induce a chronic persistent brain infection acting as a cofactor in the development of the disease. The role of Chlamydia in the pathogenesis of mental or neurobehavioral disorders including schizophrenia and autism is uncertain and fragmentary and will require further confirmation.

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Antimicrobial Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

A prolonged antibiotic protocol to treat persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection improves the extracranial venous circulation in multiple sclerosis

A prolonged antibiotic protocol to treat persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection improves the extracranial venous circulation in multiple sclerosis

Chlamydia: Possible Mechanisms of the Long Term Complications

Chlamydophila pneumoniaeInfection and Its Role in Neurological Disorders

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