Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cương, Nguyễn Văn; Padungtod, Pawin; Thwaites, Guy; Carrique-Mas, Juan

doi:10.3390/antibiotics7030075

Cited by 136 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The median number of staff members (including the owner) working in each shop was 2 [IQR 1-2], the respective values were 2 [IQR 2-2] and 2 [IQR 1-2] for Cao Lanh and Thap Muoi. In term of staffing capacity, the median value was 12 person-days [IQR 7 -14] per week, 14 [IQR [9][10][11][12][13][14] for Cao Lanh and 10 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] for Thap Muoi drug shops. There were 5 (5.4%) shops staffed by personnel adding a total of 22.5-28.0 days/week.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Veterinary Drug Shopsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

et al. 2019

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In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, small-scale poultry farmers use large amounts of antimicrobials to raise their flocks, and veterinary drug shops owners and their staff are a key source of advice to farmers on antimicrobial use (AMU). We described the network of veterinary drug shops (n = 93) in two districts within Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta). We also interviewed a randomly selected sample of chicken farmers (n = 96) and described their linkages with veterinary drug shops. Antimicrobials represented 15.0% [inter quartile range (IQR) 6.0-25.0] of the shops' income. Fifty-seven percent shop owners had been/were affiliated to the veterinary authority, 57% provided diagnostic services. The median number of drug shops supplying antimicrobials to each farm during one production cycle was 2 [IQR 1-2]. Visited shops were located within a median distance of 3.96 km ] to farms. Drug shops owned by persons affiliated to the veterinary authority that did not provide diagnostic services had a higher fraction of their income consisting of antimicrobial sales (β = 1.913; p < 0.001). These results suggest that interventions targeting veterinary drug shop owners and their staff aiming at improving their knowledge base on livestock/poultry diseases and their diagnosis may contribute to reducing overall levels of AMU in the area.

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Section: Characteristics Of Veterinary Drug Shopsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High levels of AMU have been reported both in chicken and pig production in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam [13][14][15]. This behaviour is partly driven by the prevailing farming conditions that lead to a high incidence of disease and mortality [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

et al. 2019

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“…There is growing consensus that use of antimicrobials of critical importance for human medicine in animals should be restricted/reduced [7][8][9]. However, a large number of AAIs considered by WHO to be of critical importance are currently used in animal production worldwide [10]. The Mekong Delta of Vietnam is regarded as a hotspot for AMU in animal production [11][12][13][14], and levels of use of AAIs considered of critical importance are high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of retail prices of antimicrobial products used in small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

et al. 2020

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Background: In the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, high quantities of products containing antimicrobial are used as prophylactic and curative treatments in small-scale chicken flocks. A large number of these contain antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) considered of 'critical importance' for human medicine according to the World Health Organization (WHO). However, little is known about the retail prices of these products and variables associated with the expense on antimicrobials at farm level. Therefore, the aims of the study were: (1) to investigate the retail price of antimicrobials with regards to WHO importance criteria; and (2) to quantify the antimicrobial expense incurred in raising chicken flocks. We investigated 102 randomly-selected small-scale farms raising meat chickens (100-2000 per flock cycle) in two districts in Dong Thap (Mekong Delta) over 203 flock production cycles raised in these farms. Farmers were asked to record the retail prices and amounts of antimicrobial used. Results: A total of 214 different antimicrobial-containing products were identified. These contained 37 different AAIs belonging to 13 classes. Over half (60.3%) products contained 1 highest priority, critically important AAI, and 38.8% 1 high priority, critically important AAI. The average (farm-adjusted) retail price of a daily dose administered to a 1 kg bird across products was 0.40 cents of 1 US$ (₵) (SE ± 0.05). The most expensive products were those that included at least one high priority, critically important AAI, as well as those purchased in one of the two study districts. Farmers spent on average of ₵3.91 (SE ± 0.01) on antimicrobials per bird over the production cycle. The expense on antimicrobials in weeks with disease and low mortality was greater than on weeks with disease and high mortality, suggesting that antimicrobial use had a beneficial impact on disease outcomes (χ 2 = 3.8; p = 0.052). Farmers generally used more expensive antimicrobials on older flocks. Conclusions and recommendation: The retail prices of antimicrobial products used in chicken production in Mekong Delta small-scale chicken farms are very low, and not related to their relevance for human medicine. Farmers, however, demonstrated a degree of sensitivity to prices of antimicrobial products. Therefore, revising pricing policies of antimicrobial products remains a potential option to curb the use of antimicrobials of critical importance in animal production.

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“…Recent studies on the quality of antimicrobial products used in shrimp and catfish farming in Vietnam indicated that only ~8% and ~29% products contained an AAI within ±10% (accepted level of variation) (Phu, Phuong, Scippo, & Dalsgaard, ; Tran, Tran, Phan, & Dalsgaard, ). Globally, the quantity of antimicrobials used in chicken production is estimated at 138.0 doses/1,000 animal‐days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1–438.3], a higher amount than AMU in the two other major terrestrial food animal species (pig and cattle) (Cuong, Padungtod, Thwaites, & Carrique‐Mas, ). Previous studies have reported exceptionally high levels of antimicrobial use (AMU) in chicken farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam (Carrique‐Mas et al., ; Carrique‐Mas et al., ; Cuong et al., ; Nguyen et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antimicrobial products were identified from a survey of 102 randomly selected farms raising meat chickens in Dong Thap province from November 2016 to March 2018. A total of 203 flocks raised in those farms with a completed full cycle of production were included in the study (Carrique‐Mas & Rushton, ; Cuong et al., ). All flocks consisted of native breed chickens raised over a median period of 18 [Interquartile Range 16‐20] weeks, with birds typically raised using all‐in‐all‐out system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Labelling and quality of antimicrobial products used in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Yen

Phu

Cương

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background The Mekong Delta of Vietnam is a hotspot of antimicrobial use (AMU), but there is no information on the quality of the labelling and strength of antimicrobial products used in poultry production. Methods Based on a large random sample of farms, we identified the 20 most used antimicrobial products in the area, and investigated their antimicrobial active ingredient (AAI) content by UPLC‐MS/MS (91 analytical tests). Results Only 17/59 (28.8%) batches contained all AAIs within 10% of the declared strength. Worryingly, 65.0% products provided in their label preparation guidelines for both therapeutic and prophylactic use. Withdrawal times for both meat and eggs were stated in 8/20 (40%) products. Conclusion Results highlight deficiencies in quality and labelling contents that undermine authorities’ efforts to discourage inappropriate use of antimicrobials.

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Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cited by 136 publications

References 103 publications

Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

A survey of retail prices of antimicrobial products used in small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Labelling and quality of antimicrobial products used in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

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