Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective

Kimera, Zuhura I.; Mshana, Stephen E.; Rweyemamu, Mark M.; Mboera, Leonard E. G.; Matee, Mecky

doi:10.1186/s13756-020-0697-x

Cited by 151 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The most widely consumed antibiotic in animals is oxytetracycline, followed by norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole [124]. Nevertheless, data related to the extent and patterns of antibiotic uses in food-producing animals especially in LMICs are limited [125]. In these countries, antibiotics are being used by farmers without veterinary supervision because of their low cost and availability over-the-counter [98].…”

Section: Antibiotic Uses In Animal Health and The Agricultural Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveillance data may serve on local, national and international level to improve public health, inform health policies, develop evidence-based policies, trigger responses to health emergencies, provide early warnings of emerging threats and identify long-term resistance trends [77]. AMR surveillance in humans has received more focused attention compared with AMR in animals despite the compiling evidence that the spread resistance has a zoonotic origin [125]. Currently the only country that has publicly available surveillance data on AMR in animals is Colombia [125].…”

Section: Surveillance Of Amr In Humans and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review

et al. 2020

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Antibiotic resistance is an ecosystem problem threatening the interrelated human-animal-environment health under the “One Health” framework. Resistant bacteria arising in one geographical area can spread via cross-reservoir transmission to other areas worldwide either by direct exposure or through the food chain and the environment. Drivers of antibiotic resistance are complex and multi-sectoral particularly in Lower- and Middle-income countries. These include inappropriate socio-ecological behaviors; poverty; overcrowding; lack of surveillance systems; food supply chain safety issues; highly contaminated waste effluents; and loose rules and regulations. In order to examine the drivers of antibiotic resistance from a “one health” perspective, a literature review was conducted on three databases including PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. A total of 485 studies of potential relevance were selected, out of which 182 were included in this review. Results have shown that the aforementioned market failures are the leading cause for the negative externality of antibiotic resistance that extends in scope from the individual to the global ecosystem. Incremental and sustainable global actions can make the change, however, the problem will continue to prevail if governments do not prioritize the “One health” approach and if individual’s accountability is still denied in a world struggling with profound socio-economic problems.

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Section: Antibiotic Uses In Animal Health and The Agricultural Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surveillance Of Amr In Humans and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review

et al. 2020

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“…Antimicrobials are widely used in animals to treat infections, prevent diseases and promote growth [ 3 ]. An estimated 131,109 tons of all antimicrobials were used in food animals in 2013 and the figure is projected to rise to 200,235 tons by 2030 [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A considerable variation on consumption between countries is reported; ranging from 8 mg/population correction unit (PCU) in Norway to alarmingly high (318 mg/PCU) in China [ 4 ]. Although, the use of antimicrobials is imperative in treating animals, most of its use is directed to prevent infections and promote growth [ 3 , 5 , 6 ]. In the United States, around 70% antimicrobials, which are used to treat human infections are sold for use in food animals [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial use in food animals and human health: time to implement ‘One Health’ approach

Pokharel

Shrestha

Adhikari

2020

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

130

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The use of antimicrobials in animals for growth promotion and infection prevention significantly contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing public health threat. While the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) have taken steps towards reducing and restricting the use of antimicrobials in animals, initiatives are insufficient in developing countries where the demands for food animals continue to rise over the years. The inter-sectoral acknowledgment of inextricable link between animal health, human health and the environment (One Health approach) is critical. Concerted and collaborative efforts among all the stakeholders are essential to deal with this complex problem of resistance.

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“…Studies also found that pathogen E.coli is increasingly becoming multidrug-resistant in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Tunisia. 164 Furthermore, excessive consumption of processed livestock products, particularly processed red meat, is considered a major dietary risk factor that contributes to overweight and the incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, as well as mortality. There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of NCDs over the past two decades in Africa, and the number of deaths linked to NCDs rose by 68 percent between 1990 and 2013.…”

Section: Health Risks For Consumers and Producersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat, milk and more: Policy innovations to shepherd inclusive and sustainable livestock systems in Africa

Panel¹

2020

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Overarching policy frameworks: Given the duality of livestock production in many countries, with large market-oriented producers operating alongside small and subsistence producers, and formal markets operating alongside informal markets, an overarching policy framework is needed to create an inclusive, holistic, innovative, productive, and profi table livestock sector, that is also environmentally sustainable and promotes further involvement of women and youth. Dedicated departments for livestock can ensure that the sector is funded better, and that there is clear oversight of livestock activities, while crossdepartmental committees composed of representatives from livestock, agriculture, environment, health and fi nance ministries would ensure that cross-cutting themes receive the attention and coordination they require. 2 Regulation: A nimble but clear and health conscious regulatory environment will be critical to ensure that a fl ourishing livestock sector maintains high safety, quality, and welfare standards, produces nutritious food, preserves environmental sustainability, and protects producers' and consumers' health. Domestic regulations for input and output markets need to be harmonized and simplifi ed, while strengthened services are needed to support such regulations. Property rights of herders need to be recognized. 3 Private sector-led development: A viable private sector, including farmer and herder organizations, will facilitate increased investments, and drive growth, job creation, and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector. Dedicated investments in infrastructure-such as provision of electricity, cooling facilities, and transport-could signifi cantly reduce market transaction costs and improve the effi ciency of value chains through innovations as well as the safety and production of animal-sourced products, and make the commercialization of livestock production more feasible. The feed sector needs to expand based on sound investment for stable supplies and innovation in pasture grassland quality. 4 Finance and livestock assets: Despite its signifi cant contribution to agricultural and national gross domestic product (GDP), the livestock sector in most African countries remains heavily underfunded. Financing common goods such as animal health, animal improvement, and research creates a strong foundation upon which both market-oriented and subsistence livestock sectors can prosper. Financial services must be (re-)designed to cater for the unique circumstances of livestock producers, such as the need for different loan sizes and duration of borrowing, alternative forms of collateral, seasonality of production, and other inherent risks. Livestock insurance also provides a vital source of fi nancial support, particularly during and following emergencies. Livestock distribution programs to smallholders can be considered at greater scale when combined with services. 5 6 Data and research: Availability and access to comprehensive and good quality information and data on all aspects of the livestock s...

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Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective

Cited by 151 publications

References 66 publications

Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review

Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review

Antimicrobial use in food animals and human health: time to implement ‘One Health’ approach

Meat, milk and more: Policy innovations to shepherd inclusive and sustainable livestock systems in Africa

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