Antimicrobial use on Italian Pig Farms and its Relationship with Husbandry Practices

Tarakdjian, Jacopo; Capello, Katia; Pasqualin, Dario; Santini, Andrea; Cunial, Giovanni; Scollo, A.; Mannelli, Alessandro; Tomao, Paola; Vonesch, Nicoletta; Martino, Guido Di

doi:10.3390/ani10030417

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We found tetracycline and quinolones being the most used antibiotics due to being cheap, readily available and accessed easily, without restrictions (12,43), and are often sold by informal vendors at informal markets and even along the road (10, 44). Use of tetracycline in animal has been documented in Cameroon and Ghana probably since they are cheaper and has broad-spectrum activity against variety of diseases (34,45,46). The wide spread use of quinolone observed in this study corresponds to the one reported in the previous studies (37,47,48) that quinolones are widely used in animals for diarrhoea treatments and prophylactic despite the fact that they are expensive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Assessment of drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in pig and poultry farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania

Kimera

Frumence

Mboera

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Uncontrolled use of antimicrobials both in humans and animals coupled with environmental contamination by effluents, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals exacerbate the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This paper assessed the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in poultry and domestic pig farming and the environment in a densely populated area, with wide-ranging human activities in Tanzania. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted from June to September 2019 in the Msimbazi River basin in Eastern Tanzania, which covers an area of 271km2 and harbours a population of approximately 1.2 million. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect information regarding demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, attitudes, and perceptions of the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in animal farming and the environment. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square tests were used to analyse data from the survey and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The FGDs and interviews were transcribed, coded into categories, and analysed manually. Results We found a higher proportion of usage of veterinary antimicrobials for prophylactic purposes (87.6%), especially tetracycline and quinolones in poultry and pigs farming, than for therapeutic purposes (80.5%). The farming experience was significantly (p<0.05) related to the knowledge on the source of antimicrobial use, methods used in disease diagnosis, access to veterinary services, stocking of antimicrobial at home, and presence of agriculture activities that involve use of manure. Additionally, a significant relationship (p<0.05) existed between the level of education and the practicing group treatment, inadequate extension officers, and inadequate knowledge on infection prevention and control of animal diseases. Uncontrolled disposal of wastes from households, uncontrolled disposal of human and veterinary drugs, and weak implementation of the legal framework was identified as the major pollutants of the environment. Conclusion The high usage of veterinary antimicrobials and environmental contamination taking place in the Msimbazi Basin requires agent multisectoral interventions, including implementation of long-term sustainable training programs aiming at reducing farmers' reliance on antimicrobials, as well as a review of government strategies, policies, and regulations on AMU.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Assessment of drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in pig and poultry farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania

Kimera

Frumence

Mboera

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The choice of which indicator to use should consider stakeholder understanding, relevance to stakeholders, or preference and availability of the input parameters required, such as days at risk. The nDDDvetCA/PCU (4) could be used in datasets or data collection points where the time component is unavailable or constant (e.g., annual aggregated sales data), or in smaller scale targeted studies (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Use Indices—The Value of Reporting Antimicrobial Use in Multiple Ways Using Data From Canadian Broiler Chicken and Turkey Farms

et al. 2020

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We have previously described the importance of using multiple indicators for reporting national farm-level antimicrobial use (AMU) information, but the distribution of flock-level AMU and how these indicators relate to each other has not yet been fully explored. Using farm-level surveillance data (2013-2019), for broiler chickens (n = 947 flocks) and turkeys (n = 427), this study aims to (1) characterize flock-level AMU and identify high users, (2) identify appropriate AMU indicators and biomass denominator [population correction unit (PCU) vs. kg weight at pre-slaughter], and (3) make recommendations on the application to veterinarian-producer and national-level reporting. Diverse AMU patterns were identified in broiler chickens (156 patterns) and turkeys (68 patterns); of these, bacitracin, reported by 25% of broiler chicken and 19% of turkey producers, was the most frequently occurring pattern. Depending on the indicator chosen, variations in reported quantity of use, temporal trends and relative ranking of the antimicrobials changed. Quantitative AMU analysis yielded the following results for broiler chickens: mean 134 mg/PCU; 507 number (n) of Canadian (CA) defined daily doses (DDDvet) per 1,000 chicken-days and 18 nDDDvetCA/PCU. Analysis in turkey flocks yielded the following: mean 64 mg/PCU, 99 nDDDvetCA/1,000 turkey-days at risk and 9 nDDDvetCA/PCU. Flocks were categorized based on the percentiles of the mg/PCU distribution: "medium" to "low" users (≤75th percentile) and "high" users (>75th percentile). The odds of being a high user in both broiler chickens and turkeys were significantly increased: if water medications were used, and if trimethoprim-sulfonamides, bacitracins, and tetracyclines were used. Pairwise correlation analysis showed moderate correlation between mg/PCU and the nDDDvetCA/1,000 animal days at risk and between mg/PCU and nDDDvetCA/PCU. Significantly high correlation between nDDDvetCA/1,000 animal days at risk and nDDDvetCA/PCU was observed, suggestive that either of these could be used for routine monitoring of trends in AMU. One source of discrepancy between the indicators was the antimicrobial. Understanding the Agunos et al. Flock-Level Distribution of AMU in Canadian Broiler Chickens and Turkeys choice of parameter input and effects on reporting trends in AMU will inform surveillance reporting best practices to help industry understand the impacts of their AMU reduction strategies and to best communicate the information to veterinarians, their producers, and other stakeholders.

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“…These units describe the daily amount of active ingredient required for the treatment of an animal with a standardized weight. Recently, the EMA published guidelines for the development and publication of indicators for the description of antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine, but has also made such indicators available in the form of Defined Daily Doses (DDDvet) and Defined Course Doses (DCDvet) (21). The DDDvet values based on data from nine European countries have been shown in some cases to differ considerably from the dosages specified in the respective national summaries of product characteristics (SPCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, national DDDs and DCDs have been developed in several countries (15,22,23). For this reason, separate Defined Daily Doses (DDDch) and Defined Course Doses (DCDch) were developed for Switzerland, some of which consequently showed considerable deviations from the indicators published by the EMA (21,(23)(24)(25)(26). Due to these discrepancies, some authors consider the so-called treatment incidence based on used daily doses, which describes the proportion of treated animals at Abbreviations: AMU, antimicrobial usage; AS, active substance; ATI, Animal Treatment Index; DDDch, Defined Daily Dose Switzerland; DCDch, Defined Course Dose Switzerland; DDDvet, Defined Daily Dose (EMA); DCDvet, Defined Course Dose (EMA); EMA, European Medicines Agency; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; NT, number of treatment days; nDDDch, number of DDDch; SD, standard deviation; SW, standard weight; VMP, Veterinary Medical Product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agreement of Benchmarking High Antimicrobial Usage Farms Based on Either Animal Treatment Index or Number of National Defined Daily Doses

et al. 2020

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Introduction: While treatment frequency as an indicator of antimicrobial consumption is often assessed using defined doses, it can also be calculated directly as an Animal Treatment Index (ATI). In this study, the correlation of calculating antimicrobial usage on Swiss pig farms using either national Defined Daily Doses (DDDch) or an ATI (number of treatments per animal per year) and the agreement between the different methods for the identification of high usage farms were investigated. Material and Methods: The antimicrobial consumption of 893 Swiss pig herds was calculated separately for suckling piglets, weaned piglets, fattening pigs, lactating and gestating sows using the indicators nDDDch (number of DDDch) per animal per year and ATI. Correlations between the indicators were investigated by calculating Spearman's Rho coefficients. The 5, 10, and 25% highest usage farms were determined by applying both methods and the interrater reliability was described using Cohen's Kappa coefficients and visualized by Bland-Altman plots. Results: The Spearman's Rho coefficients showed strong correlations (r > 0.5) between nDDDch/animal/year and ATI. The lowest coefficient was shown for the correlation of both indicators in gestating sows (r = 0.657) and the highest in weaned piglets (r = 0.910). Kappa coefficients identifying high usage farms were the highest in weaned piglets (k = 0.71, 0.85, and 0.91, respectively for 5, 10, and 25% most frequent users) and the lowest in gestating sows (k = 0.54, 0.58, and 0.55 for 5, 10, and 25% most frequent users). Conclusions: In general, the investigated indicators showed strong correlations and a broad agreement in terms of the calculated levels of antimicrobial usage and the identification of high usage farms. Nevertheless, a certain proportion of the farms were defined differently depending on the indicator used. These differences varied by age category and were larger in all age categories except weaned piglets when a higher percentage benchmark was used to define high usage farms. These aspects should be considered when designing scientific studies or monitoring systems and considering which indicator to use.

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Antimicrobial use on Italian Pig Farms and its Relationship with Husbandry Practices

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Assessment of drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in pig and poultry farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania

Assessment of drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in pig and poultry farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania

Antimicrobial Use Indices—The Value of Reporting Antimicrobial Use in Multiple Ways Using Data From Canadian Broiler Chicken and Turkey Farms

Agreement of Benchmarking High Antimicrobial Usage Farms Based on Either Animal Treatment Index or Number of National Defined Daily Doses

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