Antimicrobial Use, Prescribing, and Resistance in Selected Ten Selected Developing Countries: A Brief Overview

Abstract

The widespread accessibility of antimicrobials transformed the path of olden times. Many infections beforehand not curable found treatment, for example, tuberculosis. Scientist, common people thought once that humankind has able conquered microbial diseases. Nonetheless, irrational and unnecessary use antimicrobials create resistant microbes throughout the universe. Moreover, the development new antimicrobials have slowed down, particularly for those diseases of developing countries who have very poor financial ability to pay the research overhead of the inventor. Thereafter, currently available antimicrobials antimicrobials are loosing their efficacy and spectrum everyday against resistant microbes. Subsequently, once those diseases were treatable with no antimicrobials or very low profile agents now need the higher form of antimicrobials even multiple agents. As such health care cost is increasing every day which is beyond the economic ability of common people of anywhere of the world. All these 10 developing countries very frequently were observed that overuse and irrational use of antimicrobials. Researchers of these developing countries opined that answer remains in continuing medical education for all health-related stakeholders and appropriate policy to stop irrational prescribing, and promote prudent and rational prescribing and use of medicine, including antimicrobials.

Tackling antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh: A scoping review of policy and practice in human, animal and environment sectors

“…Health sector (combined by 'OR') (b) Geographic location (combined by 'OR') (c) and/or its indiscriminate use [17]. Studies reveal two or more antimicrobials to be commonly prescribed at a time in Bangladesh [14,15,18,19,20,22,30,31], and more antimicrobials to be prescribed in hospital settings compared to community settings [21]. Prescribing antibiotics without laboratory tests was quite common in Bangladesh due to reported lack of testing facilities [18,19,22].…”

“…Studies reveal two or more antimicrobials to be commonly prescribed at a time in Bangladesh [14,15,18,19,20,22,30,31], and more antimicrobials to be prescribed in hospital settings compared to community settings [21]. Prescribing antibiotics without laboratory tests was quite common in Bangladesh due to reported lack of testing facilities [18,19,22]. However, sometimes the qualified prescribers (e.g., in-service trainee doctors of medical college hospital) felt confident enough to select an appropriate antimicrobial and prescribe correct dose and duration based on clinical diagnosis [23].…”

Epidemiology of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Gram Negative Rods

“…Now a days ESBL producers are prime threat as nosocomial infections for hospitalized patients throughout around the globe 14 22 . Excessive and imprudent use of antibiotics, lack of the knowledge for the development of new formula drugs by the pharmaceutical industries contributes in the emergence of bacterial resistance 23 . Although drug resistance is naturally observed in bacterial isolates of remote places irrespective of excessive human intervention of antibiotics.…”

Synthesis, in Silico Studies and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of 4-Substituted Benzylidene-2-(Phenoxymethyl) Oxazol-5(4h)-Ones

“…In spite of all the available antibacterial agents, millions of deaths have been recorded due to malarial infections, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. These data motivate researchers to develop efficacious antibacterial agents [3][4][5][6].…”